development so that changes that occur do not cause adverse impacts on the environment
and sustainable development is achieved. Therefore, spatial planning tools in Indonesia include control and permitting tools.
[[File:Spatial planning as tools.png|thumb|500x500px|Spatial planning as tools|center]]
'''The spatial tools include:'''
* Mobilization and participation
(picture)[[File:Gap analysis planning tools in Indonesia.png|center|thumb|500x500px|Gap Analysis planning tools in Indonesia]]
In terms of Integrated Coatal Coastal Zone Management (ICZM), problems with its implementation in
Indonesia are as follow (Farhan, Lim, 2010):
1. # Policy and financial factor: emphasis on agriculture, lack of policy and inconsistency; 2. # Environmental factor: overfishing and overexploitation of natural resources, erosion,abrasion, pollution, lost and declining biodiversity and mismanagement; 3. # Socio-economic factor: emphasis on new infrastructure development rather than optimizing the existing infrastructure and regardless of the consequences to the environment, poverty and lack of knowledge; 4. # Ocean and coastal observation: only few ocean and coastal observation equipment(such as oceanographic buoy, tidal gauge, etc) and lack of maintenance.
Complexity and large area of sea’s and oceans in Indonesia has brought problems in management, safety and security. There are five national issues of ocean and marine management in Indonesia (Farhan, Lim, 2010):
1. # Conservation and restoration management: marine ecosystem based managementand ICZM. 2. # Operation and management of marine infrastructure: ocean and coastal infrastructure, mitigation and adaption to climate changes 3. # Ocean and coastal data management: management of scientific data and information, marine information and communication technology. 4. # Maritime security management: maritime boundary, marine safety and maritime spatial planning. 5. # Ocean and coastal exploration management: ocean energy exploration and seabedmineral resources exploration.
Future development challenges regarding climate change, natural disasters, and rapid development dynamics require planning tools that can respond to changes that occur more dynamically. Planning tools also need to open up opportunities for community involvement
Integrated Costal Zone Management implementation will have a significant impact on and
contribution to coastal and ocean management in Indonesia. It will give better understanding of the coastal and ocean. In order to achieve this, several issues need to be solved (Farhan, Lim, 2010):
1. # Regulations and laws framework for ICZM must be addressed effectively, this will includethe regulations in both central government and local governments. 2. # The strengthening of Indonesian Global Ocean Observing System (INA-GOOS) is necessary as part of future direction of ICZM. INA-GOOS could be a benefit for IndonesianICZM in term of monitoring and evaluation of Indonesian coastal and ocean based onscientific information and evidences. INA-GOOS also could be an integration frameworkbetween other Indonesian research agencies as well as local governments in order tosearch for suitable of ICZM implementation in Indonesia as well as International acknowledgement on sustainability development in Indonesia. 3. # A Decision Support System (DSS) system need to be developed to facilitate and assistdecision-makers in evaluating the necessary aspects of ICZM for better management.
