794
edits
Changes
Created page with "{{Language-box|english_link=Water Portal / Rainwater Harvesting / Surface water / Tyrolean weir | french_link= Coming soon | spanish_link= Coming soon | hindi_link= वाट..."
{{Language-box|english_link=Water Portal / Rainwater Harvesting / Surface water / Tyrolean weir | french_link= Coming soon | spanish_link= Coming soon | hindi_link= वाटर पोर्टल/ वर्षाजल संचयन/ सतही जल/ टाइरोलीन मेड़ | malayalam_link= Coming soon | tamil_link= Coming soon | korean_link= Coming soon | chinese_link=提洛尔堰 | indonesian_link= Coming soon | japanese_link= Coming soon }}
[[Image:Tyrolean_weir_icon.png|right|80px]]
[[Image:Tyrolean weir.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Tyrolean weir|Man checking the grid at a Tyrolean Weir. Tanzania. Photo: D. Bourman, Aqua for All.]]
A '''Tyrolean weir''' is a water inlet structure in which water is abstracted from the main flow through a screen over a gutter. The gutter is usually made of concrete and built into the river bed. The screen on the crest should slope downstream (15-30 degrees), to increase flow velocities and prevent sediment carried by the stream from blocking it. From the gutter, water enters a pipeline, which drains into a sedimentation tank and then flows by gravity into the rest of the system.
Dams and water inlet structures in embankments are vulnerable and expensive elements in river-fed water systems. They are easily damaged by floods, underflow, seepage and suffer from build-up of sediment or rubbish in the water. The Tyrolean weir forms a more reliable and cheaper alternative.
===Suitable conditions ===
Tyrolean intakes are used in small permanent rivers and streams where the sediment content and bed load transport are low, or on the crest of a dam spill.
The weir or intake should be carefully sited.
The weir itself does not clean or purify the water.
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="center"
|-
! width="50%" style="background:#efefef;" | Advantages
! style="background:#f0f8ff;" | Disadvantages
|-
| valign="top" | - More reliable and cheaper compared to dams and water inlet structures in river embankments <br>
- They do not affect water flow to communities downstream
| valign="top" | - None known
|}
===Resilience to changes in the environment===
====Drought effects on cement====
'''Effects of drought:''' Badly made concrete or cracked linings (e.g. in tanks, dams, waterways, wells, and other structures). <br>
'''Underlying causes of effects:''' Less water used for curing; Impure water used for mixing. <br>
'''To increase resiliency of WASH system:''' Ensure adequate mixing, ratios, purity of ingredients; Minimize water content in mixture; Ensure adequate curing.
More information on managing drought: [[Resilient WASH systems in drought-prone areas]].
===Construction, operations and maintenance===
[[Image:Tyro weir.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Tyrolian weirs are meant to intake water from mountain rivers that are very turbulent. Photo: [http://www.tuwien.ac.at/en/tuwien_home/ Vienna University of Technology]]]
A Tyrolean weir can either consist of parallel rods or a perforated plate, installed in the flow direction over the width of the stream with a 15-30 degree downward slope. Large stones, branches and large leaves cannot pass between the rods, and are prevented from entering the gutter. Because the rods / plate slopes downward, the material in the stream is pushed downstream, until it drops over the end of the weir.
The threshold can be a concrete elevation above the rocky bed of a mountain stream, or a vertical low weir structure, anchored in the embankment. The capacity of the inlet pipe / drain (diameter and gradient) should be 30% more than the design flow and have an uniform gradient to prevent accumulation of sand. The sedimentation tank can accumulate 1.5-2 m<sup>3</sup> of deposits and allows water to filter for 10 to 30 minutes at very low speed. It is cleaned by washing it out.
====Maintenance====
Several visits per year to the site are necessary for inspection, cleaning and minor repairs. Overall, maintenance is easy to carry out due to low-tech structure and the use of local labour and materials.
Regular inspection and cleaning of the grit / rack and possibly the gutter and sedimentation tank is required during and after storm periods.
===Costs===
* Material (excluding the pipe and sedimentation tank): US$ 300 - 600.
* Labour (if site is easily accessible): 30 - 50 man days.
===Manuals, videos and links===
* [http://www.samsamwater.com/library/TP40_11_Surface_water.pdf Surface water intake and small dams]. Chapter 11. Revised by Nhamo Masanganise.
===Acknowledgements===
* CARE Nederland, Desk Study: [[Resilient WASH systems in drought-prone areas]]. October 2010.
[[Image:Tyrolean_weir_icon.png|right|80px]]
[[Image:Tyrolean weir.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Tyrolean weir|Man checking the grid at a Tyrolean Weir. Tanzania. Photo: D. Bourman, Aqua for All.]]
A '''Tyrolean weir''' is a water inlet structure in which water is abstracted from the main flow through a screen over a gutter. The gutter is usually made of concrete and built into the river bed. The screen on the crest should slope downstream (15-30 degrees), to increase flow velocities and prevent sediment carried by the stream from blocking it. From the gutter, water enters a pipeline, which drains into a sedimentation tank and then flows by gravity into the rest of the system.
Dams and water inlet structures in embankments are vulnerable and expensive elements in river-fed water systems. They are easily damaged by floods, underflow, seepage and suffer from build-up of sediment or rubbish in the water. The Tyrolean weir forms a more reliable and cheaper alternative.
===Suitable conditions ===
Tyrolean intakes are used in small permanent rivers and streams where the sediment content and bed load transport are low, or on the crest of a dam spill.
The weir or intake should be carefully sited.
The weir itself does not clean or purify the water.
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="center"
|-
! width="50%" style="background:#efefef;" | Advantages
! style="background:#f0f8ff;" | Disadvantages
|-
| valign="top" | - More reliable and cheaper compared to dams and water inlet structures in river embankments <br>
- They do not affect water flow to communities downstream
| valign="top" | - None known
|}
===Resilience to changes in the environment===
====Drought effects on cement====
'''Effects of drought:''' Badly made concrete or cracked linings (e.g. in tanks, dams, waterways, wells, and other structures). <br>
'''Underlying causes of effects:''' Less water used for curing; Impure water used for mixing. <br>
'''To increase resiliency of WASH system:''' Ensure adequate mixing, ratios, purity of ingredients; Minimize water content in mixture; Ensure adequate curing.
More information on managing drought: [[Resilient WASH systems in drought-prone areas]].
===Construction, operations and maintenance===
[[Image:Tyro weir.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Tyrolian weirs are meant to intake water from mountain rivers that are very turbulent. Photo: [http://www.tuwien.ac.at/en/tuwien_home/ Vienna University of Technology]]]
A Tyrolean weir can either consist of parallel rods or a perforated plate, installed in the flow direction over the width of the stream with a 15-30 degree downward slope. Large stones, branches and large leaves cannot pass between the rods, and are prevented from entering the gutter. Because the rods / plate slopes downward, the material in the stream is pushed downstream, until it drops over the end of the weir.
The threshold can be a concrete elevation above the rocky bed of a mountain stream, or a vertical low weir structure, anchored in the embankment. The capacity of the inlet pipe / drain (diameter and gradient) should be 30% more than the design flow and have an uniform gradient to prevent accumulation of sand. The sedimentation tank can accumulate 1.5-2 m<sup>3</sup> of deposits and allows water to filter for 10 to 30 minutes at very low speed. It is cleaned by washing it out.
====Maintenance====
Several visits per year to the site are necessary for inspection, cleaning and minor repairs. Overall, maintenance is easy to carry out due to low-tech structure and the use of local labour and materials.
Regular inspection and cleaning of the grit / rack and possibly the gutter and sedimentation tank is required during and after storm periods.
===Costs===
* Material (excluding the pipe and sedimentation tank): US$ 300 - 600.
* Labour (if site is easily accessible): 30 - 50 man days.
===Manuals, videos and links===
* [http://www.samsamwater.com/library/TP40_11_Surface_water.pdf Surface water intake and small dams]. Chapter 11. Revised by Nhamo Masanganise.
===Acknowledgements===
* CARE Nederland, Desk Study: [[Resilient WASH systems in drought-prone areas]]. October 2010.
