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堆石透水坝

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[[Image:perm rock dam icon.png|right|80px]]
[[Image:PermeableRockDam2.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Permeable rock dam, flowing. Photo: 流水中的堆石透水坝。图片来源：[http://il.water.usgs.gov/asian_carp/images/IM_Canal/3-Illinois%20and%20Michigan%20Canal%20Flow%20Barrier_recent.JPG USGS.]]]
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Permeable rock dams consist of long, low rock walls with level crests along the full length across valley floors. This causes runoff to spread laterally from the stream course. This is a floodwater harvesting technique that spreads and retains floodwater runoff for improved crop growth, as well as controls gulley erosion. Permeable rock dams can be considered a form of ‘terraced wadi’, though the latter term is normally used for structures within watercourses in more arid areas.堆石透水坝由低矮的长形石墙构成，有数个等高且地势较高的位置，长度贯穿整座谷底。这样的构造能使水道侧部形成径流。这种洪水收集方法能分散并保留洪水径流，以促进庄稼生长，同时控制沟蚀。堆石透水坝可被视作为一种“梯田干谷”，虽然梯田干谷通常用来描述更干旱地区中水道内的结构。
Permeable rock dams provide a more effective and popular technique for controlling gully erosion than gabions. Permeable rock dams, in addition to the effective control of gullies, have resulted in considerable crop yield increases behind the dams. Gullies are rehabilitated by the deposition of silt behind the dams, increasing the depth and quality of the soil immediately behind the dam as a result of the deposition of fertile silt. They have also improved the amount of moisture available for crops. Yields of sorghum from land restored with permeable rock dams range up to 1.9 t/ha compared with a yield of 1 t/ha from equivalent, untreated land. Other crops planted behind permeable rock dams include rice (on heavy soils), pearl millet and peanuts与钢筋石笼方法相比，堆石透水坝提供了更有效，应用也更广泛的技术来控制沟蚀。堆石透水坝除了有效控制沟蚀外，还大量增加了水坝后方农作物的产量。水坝后的淤泥使沟道修复，由于肥沃的淤泥沉积下来，最靠近坝后的土壤得以变得更深，质量更高。这也提高了农作物所需的湿度。与每公顷出产1吨高粱且未经处理的相应土地比较，在修建了堆石透水坝的土地上，高粱产量可高达每公顷1. 9吨。其它可种于堆石透水坝背面的农作物有：大米（粘重土），御谷和花生。===适宜条件===堆石透水坝可在下列情况中用于农作物生产：
===Suitable conditions===* 降雨量：200–750毫米；干旱至半干旱地区Permeable rock dams for crop production can be used under the following conditions:* 土壤：适用于所有农业土壤——较劣土壤可经处理后优化* 坡度：低于2%为最佳，最有利于水的流散* 地形：宽浅的谷床
* Rainfall: 200–750 mm; from arid to semi-arid areas.* Soils: All agricultural soils—poorer soils will be improved by treatment.* Slopes: Best below 2这一水坝系统通常用于相对宽浅的谷床。这项技术适用于年降雨量少于700毫米的地区，这些地区的沟道正在肥沃的土地中形成。这一水坝尤其适用于斜坡坡度小于2% for most effective water spreading.* Topography: Wide, shallow valley beds. This system is generally used across relatively wide and shallow valleys. This technology is appropriate for regions with less than 700 mm annual rainfall, where gullies are being formed in productive land. This is particularly suited to valley bottoms with slopes of less than 2%, and where a local supply of stones and the means to transport them is available.的谷底，且当地可供给石块，具备交通运输条件。
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="center"
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! width="50%" style="background:#efefef;" | Advantages优势! style="background:#f0f8ff;" | Disadvantages不足
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| valign="top" | - Increased crop production and erosion control as a result of the harvesting and spreading of floodwater. 增加农作物产量，由收集、分流洪水来控制侵蚀 <br>- Improved land management as a result of the silting up of gullies with fertile deposits.因肥沃的淤泥能淤积在沟道中，从而能优化土地管理<br>- Enhanced groundwater recharge. 加强地下水补给 <br>| valign="top" | - Reduced runoff velocities and erosive potentials.减缓径流的流散，降低潜在的侵蚀可能<br>- High transportation costs. 高昂的交通运输成本 <br>- Need for large quantities of stone. 需要具备大量石材 <br>
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===Construction, operations and maintenance建造、运作与维护===[[Image:PermeableRockDam.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Permeable rock dam, slope is in direction of arrow. Photo: SAI堆石透水坝，斜坡方向如箭头所示。图片来源：SAI.]]Each dam is usually between 50 and 300 m in length. The dam wall is usually 1 m in height within a gully, and between 80 and 150 cm in height elsewhere. The dam wall is also flatter (2水坝长度通常在50至300米之间。坝墙通常高一米（包含沟道），其余部分高80至150厘米。下坡侧坝墙（2:1) on the down slope side than on the upslope side (11）比上坡侧坝墙（1:2), to give better stability to the structure when it is full. A shallow trench for the foundation improves stability and reduces the risk of undermining. Large stones are used on the outer wall and smaller stones internally.2）平缓，为的是在坝满时结构更稳。地基上的浅渠提升了稳定性，降低了底蚀的风险。建坝的大石块用于外墙，而小石块用于坝体内部。
===Costs成本===A typical rock dam providing erosion control and water supplies to plots of 2 to 2.5 ha costs about US$500 to 650 for transportation of material and about 300 to 600 person days of labour一座为2至2.5公顷土地控制侵蚀和供水的典型石坝需要500至650美元建材运输费，约300至600人力工作日。
===Field experiences实地经验===Several organisations have been involved in the promotion of this technology in Burkina Faso. The structures are labour-intensive and require provision of mechanised transport for moving the quantities of stone required. Villages that request application of this technology usually pay half of the transportation costs, contribute all of the labour, and manage the dam. Where rock dams have been installed, a spill over into the construction of smaller rock dams by individual land owners has been seen.在布基纳法索，已有数个组织加入普及这项技术的行列。建坝需要集中大量劳动力，也需要为大量石材提供机械化运输。申请实施这项技术的村庄通常支付一半的交通运输费、提供全部劳动力并管理水坝。在某些建有石坝的地区，也有个人土地主随后建造小型石坝。
Governmental or agency involvement is comprised primarily of provision of technical advice needed during the construction stage. More recently, villages have been asked to form a land resource management committee to serve as a focal point for coordination of land and water resource management activities with extension agents. This committee draws up a land use management plan that provides the planning context for dam construction and other environmental protection projects. 政府主要提供建造阶段所需的技术建议。近来，村庄应要求组建土地资源管理委员会，作为纽带，与农业推广人员协调土地与水资源管理的相关活动。由委员会起草土地使用管理计划，提供建坝及其它环境保护项目的规划参照。
===Manuals, videos and links指南，视频与链接===
* [http://www.nzdl.org/gsdlmod?e=d-00000-00---off-0fnl2.2--00-0----0-10-0---0---0direct-10---4-------0-1l--11-en-50---20-about---00-0-1-00-0--4----0-0-11-10-0utfZz-8-00&a=d&cl=CL3.31&d=HASHa7909460293ada0236fd7d.4.2.2.5 Sourcebook of Alternative Technologies for Freshwater Augmentation in Africa (UNEP-IETC, 1998, 182 p.)] or ([http://www.washdoc.info/docsearch/title/115176 alternative link]). UNEP.
===Acknowledgements鸣谢===* Rufino, L., [http://www.saiplatform.org/uploads/Library/Technical%20Brief%202%20%20Rainwater%20harvesting%20%20artificial%20recharge%20to%20groundwater.pdf Water Conservation Technical Briefs: TB 水资源保护技术概要：TB 2 – Rainwater Harvesting and Artificial Recharge to Groundwater–雨水收集与人工地下水补给]. Sustainable Agriculture Initiative (SAI). August 2009.2009年8月。
* Awulachew, Seleshi Bekele (IWMI); Lemperiere, Philippe (IWMI). [http://www.ilri.org/InfoServ/Webpub/fulldocs/IWMI_IPMSmodules/Module_2.pdf Water harvesting and development for improving productivity.增产的集水与开发。] Tulu, Taffa (Adama University). January, 2009.2009年1月。
* [http://www.nzdl.org/gsdlmod?e=d-00000-00---off-0fnl2.2--00-0----0-10-0---0---0direct-10---4-------0-1l--11-en-50---20-about---00-0-1-00-0--4----0-0-11-10-0utfZz-8-00&a=d&cl=CL3.31&d=HASHa7909460293ada0236fd7d.4.2.2.5 Sourcebook of Alternative Technologies for Freshwater Augmentation in Africa 非洲增加淡水替代技术资料读物 (UNEP-IETC, 1998, 182 p.)] or ([http://www.washdoc.info/docsearch/title/115176 alternative link]). UNEP.
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