563
edits
Changes
New page: <!-- table at top of page with logo, picture, Application level, Management level, and input-output tables --> {{santable| sys1=7| sys2=| sys3=| s...
<!-- table at top of page with logo, picture, Application level, Management level, and input-output tables -->
{{santable|
sys1=[[(Semi-) Centralized Treatment System |7]]|
sys2=|
sys3=|
sys4=|
sys5=|
sys7=|
sys8=|
pic=Waste_stabilization_ponds.png|
ApplHousehold=XX|
ApplNeighbourhood=XX|
ApplCity=|
ManHousehold=XX|
ManShared=XX|
ManPublic=XX|
Input1=Blackwater|Input2=Greywater |Input3= | Input4= |Input5=|
Output1= Faecal Sludge | Output2=Effluent | Output3= | Output4= | Output5=
}}
[[Image:Icon_waste_stabilization_ponds.png |right|95px]]
'''An Anaerobic Baffled Reactor (ABR) is an improved septic tank because of the series of baffles over which the incoming wastewater is forced to flow. The increased contact time with the active biomass (sludge) results in improved treatment.'''
The majority of settleable solids are removed in the
sedimentation chamber at the beginning of the ABR,
which typically represents 50% of the total volume.
The up-flow chambers provide additional removal and
digestion of organic matter: BOD may be reduced by
up to 90%, which is far superior to that of a conventional
septic tank. As sludge is accumulating, desludging
is required every 2 to 3 years. Critical design parameters
include a hydraulic retention time (HRT)
between 48 to 72 hours, up-flow velocity of the wastewater
less than 0.6m/h and the number of up-flow
chambers (2 to 3).
{{procontable | pro=
- Resistant to organic and hydraulic shock loads. <br> - No electrical energy required. <br> - Greywater can be managed concurrently. <br> - Can be built and repaired with locally available materials. <br> - Long service life. <br> - No real problems with flies or odours if used correctly. <br> - High reduction of organics. <br> - Moderate capital costs, moderate operating costs depending on emptying; can be low cost depending on number of users. | con=
- Requires constant source of water. <br> - Effluent require secondary treatment and/or appropriate discharge. <br> - Low reduction pathogens. <br> - Requires expert design and construction. <br> - Pre-treatment is required to prevent clogging.
}}
==Adequacy==
This technology is easily adaptable and
can be applied at the household level or for a small
neighbourhood (refer to Technology Information Sheet
S10: Anaerobic Baffled Reactor for information about
applying an ABR at the household level).
A (semi-) centralized ABR is appropriate when there is
an already existing Conveyance technology, such as a
Solids-Free Sewer (C5). This technology is also appropriate
for areas where land may be limited since the
tank is installed underground and requires a small area.
It should not be installed where there is a high groundwater
table as infiltration will affect the treatment efficiency
and contaminate the groundwater.
This technology can be efficiently designed for a daily
inflow of up to 200,000L/day. The ABR will not operate
at full capacity for several months after installation
because of the long start up time required for the
anaerobic digestion of the sludge. Therefore, the ABR
technology should not be used when the need for a
treatment system is immediate.
Because the ABR must be emptied regularly, a vacuum
truck should be able to access the location.
ABRs can be installed in every type of climate although
the efficiency will be affected in colder climates.
==Health Aspects/Acceptance==
Although the removal
of pathogens is not high, the ABR is contained so
users do not come in contact with any of the wastewater
or disease causing pathogens. Effluent and sludge must be handled with care as they contain high levels of
pathogenic organisms.
To prevent the release of potentially harmful gases, the
tank should be vented.
==Maintenance==
ABR tanks should be checked to
ensure that they are watertight and the levels of the
scum and sludge should be monitored to ensure that
the tank is functioning well. Because of the delicate
ecology, care should be taken not to discharge harsh
chemicals into the ABR.
The sludge should be removed annually using a vacuum
truck to ensure proper functioning of the ABR.
==Acknowledgements==
{{:Acknowledgements Sanitation}}
==References and external links==
* Bachmann, A., Beard, VL. and McCarty, PL. (1985). Performance Characteristics of the Anaerobic Baffled Reactor. Water Research 19 (1): 99–106.
* Foxon, KM., et al. (2004). The anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR): An appropriate technology for on-site sanitation.
Water SA 30 (5) (Special edition). Available: www.wrc.org.za
* Sasse, L. (1998). DEWATS: Decentralised Wastewater Treatment in Developing Countries. BORDA, Bremen
Overseas Research and Development Association, Bremen, Germany. (Design summary including and Excel®-based design program.)
{{santable|
sys1=[[(Semi-) Centralized Treatment System |7]]|
sys2=|
sys3=|
sys4=|
sys5=|
sys7=|
sys8=|
pic=Waste_stabilization_ponds.png|
ApplHousehold=XX|
ApplNeighbourhood=XX|
ApplCity=|
ManHousehold=XX|
ManShared=XX|
ManPublic=XX|
Input1=Blackwater|Input2=Greywater |Input3= | Input4= |Input5=|
Output1= Faecal Sludge | Output2=Effluent | Output3= | Output4= | Output5=
}}
[[Image:Icon_waste_stabilization_ponds.png |right|95px]]
'''An Anaerobic Baffled Reactor (ABR) is an improved septic tank because of the series of baffles over which the incoming wastewater is forced to flow. The increased contact time with the active biomass (sludge) results in improved treatment.'''
The majority of settleable solids are removed in the
sedimentation chamber at the beginning of the ABR,
which typically represents 50% of the total volume.
The up-flow chambers provide additional removal and
digestion of organic matter: BOD may be reduced by
up to 90%, which is far superior to that of a conventional
septic tank. As sludge is accumulating, desludging
is required every 2 to 3 years. Critical design parameters
include a hydraulic retention time (HRT)
between 48 to 72 hours, up-flow velocity of the wastewater
less than 0.6m/h and the number of up-flow
chambers (2 to 3).
{{procontable | pro=
- Resistant to organic and hydraulic shock loads. <br> - No electrical energy required. <br> - Greywater can be managed concurrently. <br> - Can be built and repaired with locally available materials. <br> - Long service life. <br> - No real problems with flies or odours if used correctly. <br> - High reduction of organics. <br> - Moderate capital costs, moderate operating costs depending on emptying; can be low cost depending on number of users. | con=
- Requires constant source of water. <br> - Effluent require secondary treatment and/or appropriate discharge. <br> - Low reduction pathogens. <br> - Requires expert design and construction. <br> - Pre-treatment is required to prevent clogging.
}}
==Adequacy==
This technology is easily adaptable and
can be applied at the household level or for a small
neighbourhood (refer to Technology Information Sheet
S10: Anaerobic Baffled Reactor for information about
applying an ABR at the household level).
A (semi-) centralized ABR is appropriate when there is
an already existing Conveyance technology, such as a
Solids-Free Sewer (C5). This technology is also appropriate
for areas where land may be limited since the
tank is installed underground and requires a small area.
It should not be installed where there is a high groundwater
table as infiltration will affect the treatment efficiency
and contaminate the groundwater.
This technology can be efficiently designed for a daily
inflow of up to 200,000L/day. The ABR will not operate
at full capacity for several months after installation
because of the long start up time required for the
anaerobic digestion of the sludge. Therefore, the ABR
technology should not be used when the need for a
treatment system is immediate.
Because the ABR must be emptied regularly, a vacuum
truck should be able to access the location.
ABRs can be installed in every type of climate although
the efficiency will be affected in colder climates.
==Health Aspects/Acceptance==
Although the removal
of pathogens is not high, the ABR is contained so
users do not come in contact with any of the wastewater
or disease causing pathogens. Effluent and sludge must be handled with care as they contain high levels of
pathogenic organisms.
To prevent the release of potentially harmful gases, the
tank should be vented.
==Maintenance==
ABR tanks should be checked to
ensure that they are watertight and the levels of the
scum and sludge should be monitored to ensure that
the tank is functioning well. Because of the delicate
ecology, care should be taken not to discharge harsh
chemicals into the ABR.
The sludge should be removed annually using a vacuum
truck to ensure proper functioning of the ABR.
==Acknowledgements==
{{:Acknowledgements Sanitation}}
==References and external links==
* Bachmann, A., Beard, VL. and McCarty, PL. (1985). Performance Characteristics of the Anaerobic Baffled Reactor. Water Research 19 (1): 99–106.
* Foxon, KM., et al. (2004). The anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR): An appropriate technology for on-site sanitation.
Water SA 30 (5) (Special edition). Available: www.wrc.org.za
* Sasse, L. (1998). DEWATS: Decentralised Wastewater Treatment in Developing Countries. BORDA, Bremen
Overseas Research and Development Association, Bremen, Germany. (Design summary including and Excel®-based design program.)
