Changes

* Impounding from small springs: Some small springs can supply many dwelling, but because the filtration is weak the water is unusable. Where the springs are unprotected it could be better to impound the spring and set up a manual pump. For small springs, EMAS has tested the following types of impounding: A simple filtrating gallery built with stones and a 200 liters ferro cement "pitcher" ('cantarito') as a storage tank. In case the deposit does not have the necessary capacity, filtrating galleries may be set up around it, or several 'pitchers' may be used. If more than 1000 liters storage are needed, it is better to dig carefully around the spring until you have obtained a deposit that is large enough.

* The hydraulic ram: The hydraulic ram is a sort of a pump driven by the energy of water in motion itself. A ram is easy to build, it is endurable, it does not consume fuel, but it pumps only a small part of the water it uses (3 - 10%).The use of the hydraulic ram is limited, but whenever used, it is greatly profitable.

* Windmill with the EMAS pump: The EMAS pump can be easily adapted to windmills. These mills may be simple, since no gear is necessary for pumping, and this means a higher yield and less investment cost.

* EMAS pattern solar heater with no tank: This pattern has been developed by EMAS specially for the Altiplano, where during winter nights frost is intense, and a beaming sun predominates during the day.