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{{Language-box|english_link=Drilling or digging |french_link=Forage ou excavation |spanish_link=Coming soon|hindi_link=Coming soon|malayalam_link=Coming soon|tamil_link=Coming soon | korean_link=Coming soon | chinese_link=Coming soon | indonesian_link=Coming soon | japanese_link=Coming soon}}
获取地下水资源不是一件轻而易举的事情，本节将讲解许多不同类型的钻井方法（钻井深度及费用各不同）。例如，据说非洲的地下水资源比其他大洲更为丰富。尽管如此，使用机器钻井对于大部分非洲人而言费用太高。与使用机器钻井相比，人工钻浅井（最深35米）的费用降低4到10倍。费用降低后，非营利性组织和政府就能钻取更多的水井，同时村民、农民、学校和小型社区可以在私有企业的援助下自主钻取水井。
'''气候变化因素'''<br>
随着气候变化（如干旱），一些地方的地下水可能会逐渐干涸，因此可能需要钻取更深的水井（费用也会更高）。由于在干旱时含水层的水量变少，就应该避免上层滞水含水层（含水层比水位还高）。滨海含水层可能会遭到咸水的影响，因此一定要检查水质。
<div style=" background-color: #efefef; text-align: center; -moz-border-radius: 2px; -webkit-border-radius: 2px; border: 5px solid #dedede; padding: 5px;" >
{|cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" width="100%"
|-
|colspan="5" style="background-color:#efefef;"|
|-
|style="background:#efefef;"|[[Image:Auger_drilling.jpg|center|100px|link=Hand auger - general|手钻–常规]]
|style="background:#efefef;"|[[Image:Vonder_rig.jpg|center|100px|link=Hand auger - Vonder rig|手钻- 三脚架钻进机]]
|style="background:#efefef;"|[[Image:Point_and_well.jpg|center|100px|link=Hand auger - driven wells|手钻-管井]]
|style="background:#efefef;"|[[Image:Percussion_drilling.jpg|center|100px|link=Percussion drilling|冲击钻井]]
|style="background:#efefef;"|[[Image:Stone_hammer_well drilling.PNG|center|100px|link=Percussion - Stone hammer|冲击钻井-石锤法]]
|-
|style="background:#efefef;"|<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">[[Hand auger - general|手钻–常规]]</div>
|style="background:#efefef;"|<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">[[Hand auger - Vonder rig|手钻- 三脚架钻进机]]</div>
|style="background:#efefef;"|<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">[[Hand auger - driven wells|手钻-管井]]</div>
|style="background:#efefef;"|<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">[[Percussion drilling|冲击钻井]]</div>
|style="background:#efefef;"|<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">[[Percussion - Stone hammer|冲击钻井-石锤法]]</div>
|-
|colspan="5" style="background-color:#efefef;"|
|-
|colspan="5" style="background-color:#DEDEDE;"|
|-
|colspan="5" style="background-color:#efefef;"|
|-
|style="background:#efefef;"|[[Image:Manually_rotated jetting small.jpg|center|100px|link=Jetting - general]]
|style="background:#efefef;"|[[Image:Emas drilling small.jpg|center|100px|link=Jetting - EMAS method]]
|style="background:#efefef;"|[[Image:jetting engine small.jpg|center|100px|link=Jetting - Engine powered rotary jetting]]
|style="background:#efefef;"|[[Image:Rota_sludge small.jpg|center|100px|link=Sludging - Rota sludge]]
|style="background:#efefef;"|[[Image:Baptist drilling small.jpg|center|100px|link=Sludging - Baptist method]]
|-
|style="background:#efefef;"|<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">[[Jetting - general|喷射 – 常规]]</div>
|style="background:#efefef;"|<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">[[Jetting - EMAS method|喷射 - EMAS 方法]]</div>
|style="background:#efefef;"|<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">[[Jetting - Engine powered rotary jetting|喷射- 由引擎发动的旋喷]]</div>
|style="background:#efefef;"|<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">[[Sludging - Rota sludge|除泥 - Rota除泥]]</div>
|style="background:#efefef;"|<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">[[Sludging - Baptist method|除泥 - Baptist 方法]]</div>
|-
|colspan="5" style="background-color:#efefef;"|
|-
|colspan="5" style="background-color:#DEDEDE;"|
|-
|colspan="5" style="background-color:#efefef;"|
|-
|style="background:#efefef;"|[[Image:Asian sludge small.jpg|center|100px|link=Sludging - Asian sludge]]
|style="background:#efefef;"|[[Image:HandDugWell small.jpg|center|100px|link=Traditional hand-dug wells]]
|style="background:#efefef;"|[[Image:Infiltration_well small.JPG|center|100px|link=Infiltration wells]]
|style="background:#efefef;"|[[Image:Riverbed Well small.jpg|center|100px|link=Riverbed hand-dug wells]]
|style="background:#efefef;"|[[Image:jetted driven well point small.jpg|center|100px|link=Riverbed jetted and driven wells]]
|-
|style="background:#efefef;"|<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">[[Sludging - Asian sludge|除泥-亚洲方法]]</div>
|style="background:#efefef;"|<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">[[Traditional hand-dug wells|传统的手动挖井]]</div>
|style="background:#efefef;"|<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">[[Infiltration wells|透水井]]</div>
|style="background:#efefef;"|<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">[[Riverbed hand-dug wells|在河床手动挖井]]</div>
|style="background:#efefef;"|<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">[[Riverbed jetted and driven wells|河床喷射和管井
]]</div>
|-
|colspan="5" style="background-color:#efefef;"|
|-
|colspan="5" style="background-color:#DEDEDE;"|
|-
|colspan="5" style="background-color:#efefef;"|
|-
|style="background:#efefef;"|[[Image:refilled well small.jpg|center|100px|link=Rooted Reservoir Well]]
|style="background:#efefef;"|[[Image:Bamboo_screens small.jpg|center|100px|link=Bamboo screens]]
|style="background:#efefef;"|
|style="background:#efefef;"|
|style="background:#efefef;"|
|-
|style="background:#efefef;"|<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">[[Rooted Reservoir Well|深水井]]</div>
|style="background:#efefef;"|<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">[[Bamboo screens|竹筛]]</div>
|style="background:#efefef;"|
|style="background:#efefef;"|
|style="background:#efefef;"|
|-
|colspan="5" style="background-color:#efefef;"|
|}
</div>
<br>
===Field experiences===
These projects may be utilizing manual digging or drilling and are part of the project listing in [http://akvo.org/blog/akvo-really-simple-reporting-rsp/ Really Simple Reporting (RSR)] on [http://www.akvo.org Akvo.org].
{{RSR_table
|1image=rsr 703.jpg|1link=http://rsr.akvo.org/project/703/ |1project#=703|1project name=MWA-LAP: <br>Mexico|
|2image=rsr 727.jpg|2link=http://rsr.akvo.org/project/727/|2project#=727|2project name=TESO North School and Community WASH Project|
|3image=rsr 397.jpg|3link=http://rsr.akvo.org/project/397/ |3project#=397|3project name=Eau Hygiène et Assainissement|
|4image=rsr 401.jpg|4link=http://rsr.akvo.org/project/401/ |4project#=401|4project name=Eau, hygiène et assainissement|
|5image=rsr 473.jpg|5link=http://rsr.akvo.org/project/473/ |5project#=473|5project name=Project <br>Water4Tomorrow|
}}
{{RSR_table
|1image=project 922.png |1link=http://rsr.akvo.org/project/922/ |1project#=922 |1project name=WaterAid Rural <br>WASH Project |
|2image=project 529.png |2link=http://rsr.akvo.org/project/529/ |2project#=529 |2project name=Water Sanitation and Hygiene Project |
|3image=project 788.jpg |3link=http://rsr.akvo.org/project/788/ |3project#=788 |3project name=MWA-LAP: <br>Nicaragua |
|4image=project 388.jpg |4link=http://rsr.akvo.org//project/388/ |4project#=388 |4project name=WASH Alliance project, AMREF in Ethiopia |
|5image=project 822.png |5link=http://rsr.akvo.org/project/822/ |5project#=822 |5project name=Urban WASH II <br>in Monrovia |
}}
{{RSR_table
|1image=project 933.png |1link=http://rsr.akvo.org/project/933/ |1project#=933 |1project name=Accelerating Sanitation and Water for All 1 |
|2image=project 1112.png |2link=http://rsr.akvo.org/project/1112/ |2project#=1112 |2project name=Child Friendly <br>School WASH Project II |
|3image=project 1366.png |3link=http://rsr.akvo.org/project/1366/ |3project#=1366 |3project name=Rural Boreholes and Rehabilitation 1 |
|4image=project 1367.png |4link=http://rsr.akvo.org/project/1367/ |4project#=1367 |4project name=Panta District <br>Rural Water Project 1 |
|5image=project 1374.png |5link=http://rsr.akvo.org/project/1374/ |5project#=1374 |5project name=Integrated Community Water and Hygiene |
}}
<br>
===Manual drilling comparison of methods===
[[Image: Drilling Method Selection.jpg|thumb|none|600px|Drilling Method Selection. Chart: WEDC Loughborough University Leicestershire.]]
<br>
===Manual drilling links===
{|style="font-size: 120%;" cellpadding="5"
|-
|{{#ev:youtube|_lapu0LB-wM|200|auto|<center>How to Professionalize the <br>Manual Drilling Sector in Africa 1</center>}}
|{{#ev:youtube|l-ftnqIpnJU|200|auto|<center>How to Professionalize the <br>Manual Drilling Sector in Africa 2</center>}}
|{{#ev:youtube|3OsMJ3KGzls|200|auto|<center>Professionalizing Manual Drilling: <br>2. Building Capacity (English)</center>}}
|-
|{{#ev:youtube|ibyj2BlhENo|200|auto|<center>Professionlizing Manual Well <br>Drilling: 4. Mapping (English)</center>}}
|{{#ev:youtube|lvfczoIsG4s|200|auto|<center>Professionalizing Manual Well <br>Drilling: 2. Drilling Techniques</center>}}
|}
* VIDEO: [http://www.thewaterchannel.tv/index.php?option=com_hwdvideoshare&task=viewvideo&Itemid=4&video_id=611 Manual drilling and pump installation, Madagascar] by The Water Channel.
* [http://www.rural-water-supply.net/en/resources/details/402 Human-Powered Drilling Technologies], Richard Carter, Cranfield University, 2005.
* [http://www.hydrology.nl/images/docs/ihp/nl/cop15/2_Richard_Taylor.pdf Groundwater and climate change in Africa: The Kampala Statement.] Richard Taylor, University College London (UK), IAH Commission of Groundwater & Climate Change.
<br>
===Acknowledgements===
* [http://www.unicef.org/wash/files/04.pdf Understanding Groundwater and Wells in Manual Drilling]. Unicef.org.
获取地下水资源不是一件轻而易举的事情，本节将讲解许多不同类型的钻井方法（钻井深度及费用各不同）。例如，据说非洲的地下水资源比其他大洲更为丰富。尽管如此，使用机器钻井对于大部分非洲人而言费用太高。与使用机器钻井相比，人工钻浅井（最深35米）的费用降低4到10倍。费用降低后，非营利性组织和政府就能钻取更多的水井，同时村民、农民、学校和小型社区可以在私有企业的援助下自主钻取水井。
'''气候变化因素'''<br>
随着气候变化（如干旱），一些地方的地下水可能会逐渐干涸，因此可能需要钻取更深的水井（费用也会更高）。由于在干旱时含水层的水量变少，就应该避免上层滞水含水层（含水层比水位还高）。滨海含水层可能会遭到咸水的影响，因此一定要检查水质。
<div style=" background-color: #efefef; text-align: center; -moz-border-radius: 2px; -webkit-border-radius: 2px; border: 5px solid #dedede; padding: 5px;" >
{|cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" width="100%"
|-
|colspan="5" style="background-color:#efefef;"|
|-
|style="background:#efefef;"|[[Image:Auger_drilling.jpg|center|100px|link=Hand auger - general|手钻–常规]]
|style="background:#efefef;"|[[Image:Vonder_rig.jpg|center|100px|link=Hand auger - Vonder rig|手钻- 三脚架钻进机]]
|style="background:#efefef;"|[[Image:Point_and_well.jpg|center|100px|link=Hand auger - driven wells|手钻-管井]]
|style="background:#efefef;"|[[Image:Percussion_drilling.jpg|center|100px|link=Percussion drilling|冲击钻井]]
|style="background:#efefef;"|[[Image:Stone_hammer_well drilling.PNG|center|100px|link=Percussion - Stone hammer|冲击钻井-石锤法]]
|-
|style="background:#efefef;"|<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">[[Hand auger - general|手钻–常规]]</div>
|style="background:#efefef;"|<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">[[Hand auger - Vonder rig|手钻- 三脚架钻进机]]</div>
|style="background:#efefef;"|<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">[[Hand auger - driven wells|手钻-管井]]</div>
|style="background:#efefef;"|<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">[[Percussion drilling|冲击钻井]]</div>
|style="background:#efefef;"|<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">[[Percussion - Stone hammer|冲击钻井-石锤法]]</div>
|-
|colspan="5" style="background-color:#efefef;"|
|-
|colspan="5" style="background-color:#DEDEDE;"|
|-
|colspan="5" style="background-color:#efefef;"|
|-
|style="background:#efefef;"|[[Image:Manually_rotated jetting small.jpg|center|100px|link=Jetting - general]]
|style="background:#efefef;"|[[Image:Emas drilling small.jpg|center|100px|link=Jetting - EMAS method]]
|style="background:#efefef;"|[[Image:jetting engine small.jpg|center|100px|link=Jetting - Engine powered rotary jetting]]
|style="background:#efefef;"|[[Image:Rota_sludge small.jpg|center|100px|link=Sludging - Rota sludge]]
|style="background:#efefef;"|[[Image:Baptist drilling small.jpg|center|100px|link=Sludging - Baptist method]]
|-
|style="background:#efefef;"|<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">[[Jetting - general|喷射 – 常规]]</div>
|style="background:#efefef;"|<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">[[Jetting - EMAS method|喷射 - EMAS 方法]]</div>
|style="background:#efefef;"|<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">[[Jetting - Engine powered rotary jetting|喷射- 由引擎发动的旋喷]]</div>
|style="background:#efefef;"|<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">[[Sludging - Rota sludge|除泥 - Rota除泥]]</div>
|style="background:#efefef;"|<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">[[Sludging - Baptist method|除泥 - Baptist 方法]]</div>
|-
|colspan="5" style="background-color:#efefef;"|
|-
|colspan="5" style="background-color:#DEDEDE;"|
|-
|colspan="5" style="background-color:#efefef;"|
|-
|style="background:#efefef;"|[[Image:Asian sludge small.jpg|center|100px|link=Sludging - Asian sludge]]
|style="background:#efefef;"|[[Image:HandDugWell small.jpg|center|100px|link=Traditional hand-dug wells]]
|style="background:#efefef;"|[[Image:Infiltration_well small.JPG|center|100px|link=Infiltration wells]]
|style="background:#efefef;"|[[Image:Riverbed Well small.jpg|center|100px|link=Riverbed hand-dug wells]]
|style="background:#efefef;"|[[Image:jetted driven well point small.jpg|center|100px|link=Riverbed jetted and driven wells]]
|-
|style="background:#efefef;"|<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">[[Sludging - Asian sludge|除泥-亚洲方法]]</div>
|style="background:#efefef;"|<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">[[Traditional hand-dug wells|传统的手动挖井]]</div>
|style="background:#efefef;"|<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">[[Infiltration wells|透水井]]</div>
|style="background:#efefef;"|<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">[[Riverbed hand-dug wells|在河床手动挖井]]</div>
|style="background:#efefef;"|<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">[[Riverbed jetted and driven wells|河床喷射和管井
]]</div>
|-
|colspan="5" style="background-color:#efefef;"|
|-
|colspan="5" style="background-color:#DEDEDE;"|
|-
|colspan="5" style="background-color:#efefef;"|
|-
|style="background:#efefef;"|[[Image:refilled well small.jpg|center|100px|link=Rooted Reservoir Well]]
|style="background:#efefef;"|[[Image:Bamboo_screens small.jpg|center|100px|link=Bamboo screens]]
|style="background:#efefef;"|
|style="background:#efefef;"|
|style="background:#efefef;"|
|-
|style="background:#efefef;"|<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">[[Rooted Reservoir Well|深水井]]</div>
|style="background:#efefef;"|<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">[[Bamboo screens|竹筛]]</div>
|style="background:#efefef;"|
|style="background:#efefef;"|
|style="background:#efefef;"|
|-
|colspan="5" style="background-color:#efefef;"|
|}
</div>
<br>
===Field experiences===
These projects may be utilizing manual digging or drilling and are part of the project listing in [http://akvo.org/blog/akvo-really-simple-reporting-rsp/ Really Simple Reporting (RSR)] on [http://www.akvo.org Akvo.org].
{{RSR_table
|1image=rsr 703.jpg|1link=http://rsr.akvo.org/project/703/ |1project#=703|1project name=MWA-LAP: <br>Mexico|
|2image=rsr 727.jpg|2link=http://rsr.akvo.org/project/727/|2project#=727|2project name=TESO North School and Community WASH Project|
|3image=rsr 397.jpg|3link=http://rsr.akvo.org/project/397/ |3project#=397|3project name=Eau Hygiène et Assainissement|
|4image=rsr 401.jpg|4link=http://rsr.akvo.org/project/401/ |4project#=401|4project name=Eau, hygiène et assainissement|
|5image=rsr 473.jpg|5link=http://rsr.akvo.org/project/473/ |5project#=473|5project name=Project <br>Water4Tomorrow|
}}
{{RSR_table
|1image=project 922.png |1link=http://rsr.akvo.org/project/922/ |1project#=922 |1project name=WaterAid Rural <br>WASH Project |
|2image=project 529.png |2link=http://rsr.akvo.org/project/529/ |2project#=529 |2project name=Water Sanitation and Hygiene Project |
|3image=project 788.jpg |3link=http://rsr.akvo.org/project/788/ |3project#=788 |3project name=MWA-LAP: <br>Nicaragua |
|4image=project 388.jpg |4link=http://rsr.akvo.org//project/388/ |4project#=388 |4project name=WASH Alliance project, AMREF in Ethiopia |
|5image=project 822.png |5link=http://rsr.akvo.org/project/822/ |5project#=822 |5project name=Urban WASH II <br>in Monrovia |
}}
{{RSR_table
|1image=project 933.png |1link=http://rsr.akvo.org/project/933/ |1project#=933 |1project name=Accelerating Sanitation and Water for All 1 |
|2image=project 1112.png |2link=http://rsr.akvo.org/project/1112/ |2project#=1112 |2project name=Child Friendly <br>School WASH Project II |
|3image=project 1366.png |3link=http://rsr.akvo.org/project/1366/ |3project#=1366 |3project name=Rural Boreholes and Rehabilitation 1 |
|4image=project 1367.png |4link=http://rsr.akvo.org/project/1367/ |4project#=1367 |4project name=Panta District <br>Rural Water Project 1 |
|5image=project 1374.png |5link=http://rsr.akvo.org/project/1374/ |5project#=1374 |5project name=Integrated Community Water and Hygiene |
}}
<br>
===Manual drilling comparison of methods===
[[Image: Drilling Method Selection.jpg|thumb|none|600px|Drilling Method Selection. Chart: WEDC Loughborough University Leicestershire.]]
<br>
===Manual drilling links===
{|style="font-size: 120%;" cellpadding="5"
|-
|{{#ev:youtube|_lapu0LB-wM|200|auto|<center>How to Professionalize the <br>Manual Drilling Sector in Africa 1</center>}}
|{{#ev:youtube|l-ftnqIpnJU|200|auto|<center>How to Professionalize the <br>Manual Drilling Sector in Africa 2</center>}}
|{{#ev:youtube|3OsMJ3KGzls|200|auto|<center>Professionalizing Manual Drilling: <br>2. Building Capacity (English)</center>}}
|-
|{{#ev:youtube|ibyj2BlhENo|200|auto|<center>Professionlizing Manual Well <br>Drilling: 4. Mapping (English)</center>}}
|{{#ev:youtube|lvfczoIsG4s|200|auto|<center>Professionalizing Manual Well <br>Drilling: 2. Drilling Techniques</center>}}
|}
* VIDEO: [http://www.thewaterchannel.tv/index.php?option=com_hwdvideoshare&task=viewvideo&Itemid=4&video_id=611 Manual drilling and pump installation, Madagascar] by The Water Channel.
* [http://www.rural-water-supply.net/en/resources/details/402 Human-Powered Drilling Technologies], Richard Carter, Cranfield University, 2005.
* [http://www.hydrology.nl/images/docs/ihp/nl/cop15/2_Richard_Taylor.pdf Groundwater and climate change in Africa: The Kampala Statement.] Richard Taylor, University College London (UK), IAH Commission of Groundwater & Climate Change.
<br>
===Acknowledgements===
* [http://www.unicef.org/wash/files/04.pdf Understanding Groundwater and Wells in Manual Drilling]. Unicef.org.
