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For wells down to 35 m, rope Most direct action pumps such as the Blair pump are often five times cheaper and more sustainable not fit to pump water higher than piston pumpsa few meters above ground level. Evaluations show that rope pumps on communal wells are being maintained by New models such as the users, if introduced properlyEMAS pump can pump up water to tanks as high as 30 m. 90% of rope These pumps remain operational, even after many years. Because of its low cost, the pump is also are very popular for domestic use. A survey among 5,025 rural families as shown by 20,000 water systems in Nicaragua indicates that a rope pump increases income, even if used for domestic purposes onlyBolivia. Families The pumps are made from local available PVC tubing and the valves are made with a pump earn US$ 220 per year more than families without a pumpmarbles. In Nicaragua the PVC pumps are now being produced commercially by 20 workshops. Different models of Rope pumps were introduced used in Africa. This introduction has not always been successful: in some projects over 80% of the pumps do NOT work! However, with the "right" models Malawi and the "right" user training, upto 90% remain in operation in Africa, as the Victory model in Ghana Brazil and the Elephant model many other countries in Zimbabwe have provedcombination with water storage tanks.
[[Deepwell pumps | Deepwell pumps ]]In general handpumps for rural water supply are piston pumps such as Indian MarkII, Afridef, Volanta, Nira and others. Information on these pumps can be found on the website www.rwsn.org. New developments can be seen at www.handpumps.org. and www.watsan.org. [[Image:Deep_well_pump.PNG|thumb|right|150px|[[Rope EMAS type pump | Rope pump ]], (Victory model) on a hand-dug of 20 meters deep well, made in a local workshop produced and used in northern Ghana Malawi]]
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