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Sustainability approaches for the WASH sector began in response to recurring project problems over time, which wasted billions of US dollars invested and resulted in failures such as pump breakdowns or sanitation systems overflowing as toxic pollution into the surrounding environment. With projects abandoned, communities were left, lacking proper fresh water access or hygienic sanitation solutions. This led to the realisation that sustainable service delivery required a sector-wide process of change. <ref>Schouten, T and Moriarty, P. , 2013. [http://www.waterservicesthatlast.org/media/publications/working_paper_3_theory_of_change The Triple-S theory of change. (Triple-S working paper ; 3)]. The Hague, The Netherlands: IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre. </ref>