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| valign="top" rowspan="1517" | <font size="5" color="#adadad"> <center><br><br>Using <br><br>local <br><br>materials <br><br>for pond <br><br>lining </center></font>
| style="border: 3px solid #efefef;" valign="top" | '''I was wondering if any of you have experience with lining surface runoff harvesting ponds, using local available materials as clay, bentonite or gley or cement/clay mixtures or that sort of stuff? Plastic liners are all good of course, but perhaps some local materials will also do the job if you allow some small seepage?'''
|style="border: 3px solid #efefef;" |[http://kyapa.netau.net/crianza/waternurt.htm ANCESTRAL WATER NURTURING TECHNOLOGIES]
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J W K,
Thanks for your invitation to share some experience on small scale water project by presenting an abstract. Kindly find my abstract below.
'''Low-cost satellite survey of water sources'''
The Google Earth programme is being used by this company successfully to identify suitable stretches of sandy ephemeral water courses, also called dry riverbeds, by zooming in on water-indicating trees on riverbanks, waterholes in riverbeds and geological formations to indicate water storage in sandy riverbeds suitable for exploited by hand-dug wells or river-intakes.
Satellite images are used to calculate the approximately volume of annual runoff that passes over a specific place by combing the size, gradient and ground cover of the watershed with the mean annual rainfall.
Google Earth images are also used to assess the extractability of water from the sand of riverbeds as agricultural land produces fine textured sand with tiny voids from where less than 5% of water can be extracted while rocky and stony hills produce coarse sand with larger voids from where up to 35% of water can be extracted.
Satellite images are used as well for a first-hand evaluation of existing surface water reservoirs, such as sand dams and earth dams.
It is an economical advantage to use satellite images as expensive working time and transport are reduced to specific site visits for thruthing of the satellite images and for investigation of identified sections of riverbeds for drawing plans and profiles from where the volume of extractable water can be calculated for a specific project.
An illustrated manual of 32 pages has been produced on this technique which is awaiting support for publication.
- E
Managing Director
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