===Products===
Products are materials that are also called ‘wastes’ or ‘resources’. Some products are generated directly by humans (e.g., Urine and Faeces), others are required in the functioning of technologies (e.g., Flushwater to move Excreta through sewers) and some are generated as a function of storage or treatment (e.g., Sludge).
Products are materials For the design of a robust sanitation system, it is necessary to define all of the products that are also called ‘wastes’ or ‘resources’. Some Products are generated directly by humans flowing into (e.g. urine inputs) and faecesout of (outputs), others are required each of the sanitation technologies in the functioning of Technologies (e.gsystem. flush water to move excreta through sewers) and some The products referenced within this text are generated as a function or storage or treatment (e.g. faecal sludge)described below.
For the design of a robust sanitation system, it is necessary to define all of the Products that are flowing into (Inputs) and out (Outputs) of each of the sanitation Technologies in the system. The Products referenced within this text are described below.
====Pre-Treatment ProductsAnal Cleansing Water===={| align="left"|style="width:20px; background:#dbd096;"| |style="background:#ffffff;"| |}Anal cleansing water is water used to cleanse oneself after defecating and/or urinating; it is generated by those who use water, rather than dry material, for anal cleansing. The volume of water used per cleaning typically ranges from 0.5 L to 3 L. ====Biomass====
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Pre-Treatment Products are materials separated from Blackwater, Brownwater, Greywater Biomass refers to plants or Sludge in preliminary treatment units, such as screens, grease traps animals cultivated using the water and/or grit chambers (see PREnutrients flowing through a sanitation system. The term Biomass may include fish, p. 100). Substances like fatsinsects, oilvegetables, greasefruit, and various solids (e.g. sandforage or other beneficial crops that can be utilized for food, fibres and trash)feed, can impair transport and/or treatment efficiency through clogging fibre and wear. Therefore, early removal of these substances is crucial for the durability of a sanitation systemfuel production.
====UrineBiogas====
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Urine Biogas is the liquid waste produced by common name for the body to rid itself mixture of urea and other waste Productsgases released from anaerobic digestion. In this contextBiogas is comprised of methane (50 to 75%), the urine Product refers carbon dioxide (25 to pure urine that is not mixed with faeces or 50%) and varying quantities of nitrogen, hydrogen sulphide, watervapour and other components. Depending on diet, human urine Biogas can be collected during one year and burned for fuel (ca. 500 Llike propane) contains 2–4 kg nitrogen. With the exception of some rare cases, urine is sterile when it leaves the body.
====Stored UrineBlackwater====
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Stored Urine Blackwater is the mixture of Urine that has been hydrolysed naturally over time, iFaeces and Flushwater along with Anal Cleansing Water (if water is used for cleansing) and/or Dry Cleansing Materials (see Figure 1).e., Blackwater contains the urea has been converted by enzymes into ammonia and bicarbonate. Stored Urine has a pH of approximately 9. Most pathogens cannot survive at this pH. After 6 months of storage, Faeces and the risk nutrients of pathogen transmission is considerably reducedUrine that are diluted in the Flushwater.
====FaecesBrownwater====
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Brownwater is the mixture of Faeces refers to and Flushwater, and does not contain Urine. It is generated by Urine-Diverting Flush Toilets (semi-solidU.6) excrement without urine or waterand, therefore, the volume depends on the volume of the Flushwater used. Each person produces approximately 50 L per year The pathogen and nutrient load of faecal matterFaeces is not reduced, only diluted by the Flushwater. Of the total nutrients excreted, faeces contain about 10% N, 30% P, 12% K Brownwater may also include Anal Cleansing Water (if water is used for cleansing) and have 107–109 faecal coliforms /100 mLor Dry Cleansing Materials (see Figure 1).
====Anal Cleansing WaterCompost====
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Anal cleansing water Compost is water collected after it decomposed organic matter that results from a controlled aerobic degradation process. In this biological process, microorganisms (mainly bacteria and fungi) decompose the biodegradable waste components and produce an earth-like, odourless, brown/ black material. Compost has been used to cleanse oneself after defecating excellent soil-conditioning properties and/or urinatinga variable nutrient content. It is only Because of leaching and volatilization, some of the water generated by nutrients may be lost, but the user material is still rich in nutrients and organic matter. Generally, Excreta or Sludge should be composted long enough (2 to 4 months) under thermophilicconditions (55 to 60 °C) in order to be sanitized sufficiently for anal cleansing and does safe agricultural use. This temperature is not include dry materialsguaranteed in most Composting Chambers (S. The volume of water collected during anal cleansing ranges from 0.5 L to 3 L per cleaning8), but considerable pathogen reduction can normally be achieved.
====Dry Cleansing MaterialsDried Faeces====
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Solid materials used to cleanse oneself after defecating Dried Faeces are Faeces that have been dehydrated until they become a dry, crumbly material. Dehydration takes place by storing Faeces in a dry environment with good ventilation, high temperatures and/or urinating (e.g., paper, leaves, corncobs, rags or stones). Dependingon the system, Dry Cleansing Materials may be collected and separately disposed presence ofabsorbent material. Although extremely important, a separate product name for menstrual hygiene products like sanitary napkins Very little degradation occurs during dehydration and tampons is not included this means that the Dried Faeces are still rich in this Compendiumorganic matter. In general (though not always)However, they should Faeces reduce by around 75% in volume during dehydration and most pathogens die off. There is a small risk that some pathogenic organisms can be treated along with reactivated under the solid waste generated right conditions, particularly, in the householdhumid environments.
====StormwaterDry Cleansing Materials====
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Stormwater is Dry Cleansing Materials are solid materials used to cleanse oneself after defecating and/or urinating (e.g., paper, leaves, corncobs, rags or stones). Depending on the general term for the rainfall runoff system, Dry Cleansing Materials may be collected from roofsand separately disposed of. Although extremely important, roads a separate product name for menstrual hygiene products like sanitary napkins and other surfaces before flowing towards low-lying landtampons is not included in this Compendium. It is In general (though not always), they should be treated along with the portion of rainfall that does not infiltrate into solid waste generated in the soilhousehold.
====GreywaterEffluent====
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Greywater Effluent is the total volume general term for a liquid that leaves a technology, typically after Blackwater or Sludge has undergone solids separation or some other type of water generated from washing food, clothes and dishware as well as from bathingtreatment. It may contain traces of excreta and therefore will also contain pathogens Effluent originates at either a Collection and excretaStorage or a (Semi-) Centralized Treatment technology. Greywater accounts for approximately 60% Depending on the type of treatment, the wastewater produced in households with flush toilets. It contains few pathogens and its flow of nitrogen is only 10–20% Effluent may be completely sanitized or may require further treatment before it can be used or disposed of that in blackwater.
====FlushwaterExcreta====
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Flushwater is the water Excreta consists of Urine and Faeces that is used to transport excreta from the User Interface to the next technologynot mixed with any Flushwater. FreshwaterExcreta is small in volume, rainwater, recycled greywater, or any combination but concentrated in both nutrients and pathogens. Depending on the quality of the three can be used as Faeces, it has a Flushwater sourcesoft or runny consistency.
====OrganicsFaeces====
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Organics Faeces refers here to biodegradable organic material (semi-solid) excrement that could also be called biomass is not mixed with Urine or green organic wastewater. Although Depending on diet, each person produces approximately 50 L per year of faecal matter. Fresh faeces contain about 80% water. Of the other Products in this Compendium total nutrients excreted, Faeces contain organicsabout 12% N, 39% P, this term refers to undigested plant material. Organics must be added 26% K and have 107 to some technologies 109 faecal coliforms in order for them to function properly (e.g. composting chambers). Organic degradable material can include but is not limited to leaves, grass and market waste100 mL.
====BlackwaterFlushwater====
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Blackwater Flushwater is the mixture of urine, faeces and flushwater along with anal cleansing water (if anal cleansing is practiced) discharged into the User Interface to transport the content and/or dry cleansing material (eclean it.g. toilet paper). Blackwater has all Freshwater, rainwater, recycled Greywater, or any combination of the pathogens of faeces and all of the nutrients of urine, but diluted in flushwaterthree can be used as a Flushwater source.
====SludgeGreywater====
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Sludge Greywater is a mixture the total volume of solids and liquidswater generated from washing food, containing mostly Excreta clothes and waterdishware, in combination with sandas well as from bathing, grit, metals, trash and/or various chemical compounds. A distinction can be made between faecal Sludge and wastewater Sludge. Faecal Sludge comes but not from onsite sanitation technologies, itoilets.It may contain traces of Excreta (e., it has not been transported through a sewerg. It can be raw or partially digested, a slurry or semisolid, and results from the Collection washing diapers) and Storage/Treatment of Excreta or Blackwater, with or without Greywater. For a more detailed characterization of faecal Sludge refer to Strande et al., 2014 (see Sector Development Toolstherefore, p. 9). Wastewater Sludge (also referred to as sewage Sludge) is Sludge that originatesfrom sewer-based wastewater collection and (Semi-) Centralized Treatment processespathogens. The Sludge composition will determine the type Greywater accounts for approximately 65% of treatment that is required and the end-use possibilitieswastewater produced in households with flush toilets.
====ExcretaOrganics====
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Excreta consists of urine and faeces Organics refers to biodegradable plant material (organic waste) that must be added to some technologies in order for them to function properly (e.g., Composting Chambers, S.8). Organic degradable material can include, but is not mixed with any flushing waterlimited to, leaves, grass and market waste. Excreta is small Although other products in volumethis Compendium contain organic matter, but concentrated in nutrients and pathogens. Depending on the quality of the faeces it is solid, soft or runnyterm Organics refers to undigested plant material.
====BrownwaterPit Humus====
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Brownwater consists of faeces and flushwater (although in actual practice there Pit Humus is always some urinethe term used to describe the nutrient- rich, hygienically improved, as only 70–85% of the urine humic material that is divertedgenerated in double pit technologies (S.4-S.6)through dewatering and degradation. Brownwater This earth-like product is generated also referred to as EcoHumus, a term conceived by urine-diverting flush toilets Peter Morgan in Zimbabwe. The various natural decomposition processes taking place in alternating pits can be both aerobic and thereforeanaerobic in nature, the volume depends depending on the volume of the flushwater usedtechnology and operating conditions. The pathogen main difference between Pit Humus and nutrient load of faeces Compost is that the degradation processes are passive and are not reducedsubjected to a controlled oxygen supply, C:N ratio, only diluted by humidity and temperature. Therefore, the rate of pathogen reduction is generally slower and the quality of the flushwaterproduct, including its nutrient and organic matter content, can vary considerably. Pit Humus can look very similar to Compost and have good soil conditioning properties, although pathogens may still be present.
====Dried faecesPre-Treatment Products====
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Dried faeces Pre-Treatment Products are faeces that have been dehydrated at high temperatures materials separated from Blackwater, Brownwater, Greywater or Sludge in preliminary treatment units, such as screens, grease traps or grit chambers (see PRE, p. 100). Substances like fats, oil, grease, and high pHvarious solids (e.g. sand, fibres and trash) until they become a dry, sanitized powder. Very little degradation occurs during dehydration can impair transport and/or treatment efficiency through clogging and this means that the dried faeces are still rich in organic materialwear. Faeces will reduce in volume by around 75%. There Therefore, early removal of these substances is crucial for the durability of a small risk that some organisms can be reactivated in the right environmentssanitation system.
====EffluentSludge====
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Effluent Sludge is the general term for liquid that has undergone some level a mixture of treatment solids and liquids, containing mostly Excreta and water, in combination with sand, grit, metals, trash and/or separation various chemical compounds. A distinction can be made between faecal Sludge and wastewater Sludge. Faecal Sludge comes from solidsonsite sanitation technologies, i.e., it has not been transported through a sewer. It originates at either can be raw or partially digested, a slurry or semisolid, and results from the Collection and Storage/Treatment of Excreta or Blackwater, with or without Greywater. For a more detailed characterization of faecal Sludge refer to Strande et al., 2014 (see Sector Development Tools, p. 9). Wastewater Sludge (also referred to as sewage Sludge) is Sludge that originatesfrom sewer-based wastewater collection and (Semi-) Centralized Treatment Technologyprocesses. Depending on The Sludge composition will determine the type of treatment, that is required and the effluent may be completely sanitized or may require further treatment before it can be used or disposed ofend-use possibilities.
====BiomassStored Urine====
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Biomass refers to plants or animals cultivated using Stored Urine is Urine that has been hydrolysed naturally over time, i.e., the water urea has been converted by enzymes into ammonia and/or nutrients flowing through bicarbonate. Stored Urine has a sanitation systempH of approximately 9. Most pathogens cannot survive at this pH. The term Biomass may include fishAfter 6 months of storage, insects, vegetables, fruit, forage or other beneficial crops that can be utilized for food, feed, fibre and fuel productionthe risk of pathogen transmission is considerably reduced.
====Pit HumusStormwater====
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Pit Humus Stormwater is the general term used to describe for the nutrient- richrainfall runoff collected from roofs, hygienically improved, humic material that is generated in double pit technologies (S.4roads and other surfaces before flowing towards low-Slying land.6) through dewatering and degradation. This earth-like product It is also referred to as EcoHumus, a term conceived by Peter Morgan in Zimbabwe. The various natural decomposition processes taking place in alternating pits can be both aerobic and anaerobic in nature, depending on the technology and operating conditions. The main difference between Pit Humus and Compost is portion of rainfall that the degradation processes are passive and are does not subjected to a controlled oxygen supply, C:N ratio, humidity and temperature. Therefore, infiltrate into the rate of pathogen reduction is generally slower and the quality of the product, including its nutrient and organic matter content, can vary considerably. Pit Humus can look very similar to Compost and have good soil conditioning properties, although pathogens may still be present.
====BiogasUrine====
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Biogas Urine is the common name for liquid produced by the mixture body to rid itself of gases released from anaerobic digestionurea and other waste products. Typically biogas In this context, the Urine product refers to pure Urine that is comprised of methane (50–75%)not mixed with Faeces or water. Depending on diet, carbon dioxide human Urine collected from one person during one year (25–50%approx. 300 to 550 L) and varying quantities contains 2 to 4 kg of nitrogen. With the exception of some rare cases, hydrogen sulphide, water and other componentsUrine is sterile when it leaves the body.
