sys1=[[Single Pit System|1]]|
sys2=[[Waterless System with Alternating Pits|2]]|
sys3=[[Pour Flush Pit System with Twin Pitswithout Sludge Production|3]]|
sys4=[[Waterless System with Urine Diversion|4]]|
sys5=[[Biogas System|5]]|sys6=[[Blackwater Treatment System with Infiltration|56]]|sys6sys7=[[Blackwater Treatment System with SewerageEffluent Transport|67]]|sys7sys8=[[Blackwater Transport to (Semi-) Centralized Treatment System|78]]| sys8sys9=[[Sewerage System with Urine Diversion|89]]|sys9=|
pic=Surface_disposal.png|
ApplHousehold=X|
ManShared=XX|
ManPublic=XX|
Input1=Treated Sludge |Input2=Faecal Sludge Pit Humus |Input3=FaecesCompost|Input4=Dry Cleansing Material|Input5=Dried Faeces|Input6=Pre-Treatment ProductsOutput1=- None |Output2= | Output3= | Output4= | Output5=
|english_link=Surface_Disposal
|french_link=Mise_en_décharge
[[Image:Icon_surface_disposal.png |right|80px]]
'''Surface Disposal refers to the stockpiling of sludge, faeces, biosolids, or other materials that cannot be used elsewhere. Once the material has been taken to a Surface Disposal site, it is not used later. This technology is primarily used for biosolids, although it is applicable for any type of dry, unusable material.'''
One application of '''Surface Disposal that is shown on the System Templates is disposal refers to the disposal stockpiling of dry cleansing materialssludge, such as toilet paper, corn cobs, stones, newspaper and/faeces or leaves. These other materials can not always that cannot be included along with other water-based products in some technologies and must be separatedused elsewhere. A rubbish bin should be provided beside Once the User Interface material has been taken to collect the cleansing materialsa surface disposal site, it is not used later. Storage refers to temporary stockpiling. Dry materials It can be burned (e.g. corn cobs) or disposed of along with done when there is no immediate need for the household waste. For simplicitymaterial and a future use is anticipated, the remainder of this Technology Information Sheet will be dedicated to faecal sludge, since standard solid-waste practices are beyond the scope of this Compendiumor when further pathogen reduction and drying is desired before application.'''
When there This technology is no demand or acceptance primarily used for sludge, although it is applicable for the beneficial use any type of biosolidsdry, they can be placed in monofills (biosolids-only landfills) or heaped into permanent pilesunusable material. The main difference between Surface Disposal and Land Application is the One application rate. There of surface disposal is no limit to the quantity disposal of biosolids that can be applied to the surface since there are no concerns about nutrient loads or agronomic rates. There is howeverdry cleansing materials, such as toilet paper, corn cobs, stones, concern related to groundwater contamination newspaper and leaching/or leaves. More advanced surface disposal systems may incorporate a liner and leachate collection system These materials cannot always be included along with other water-based products in order to prevent nutrients some technologies and contaminants from infiltrating the groundwatermust be separated.
A rubbish bin should be provided beside the User Interface to collect the cleansing materials and menstrual hygiene materials. Dry materials can be burned (e.g., corn cobs) or disposed of along with the household waste. For simplicity, the remainder of this technology information sheet will be dedicated to sludge since standard solid waste practices are beyond the scope of this Compendium. When there is no demand for or acceptance of the beneficial use of sludge, it can be placed in monofills (sludge-only landfills) or heaped into permanent piles. Temporary storage contributes to further dehydration of the product and the die-off of pathogens before it is used. ===Design Considerations=== Landfilling biosolids sludge along with Municipal Solid Waste municipal solid waste (MSW) is not advisable since it reduces the life of a landfill , which has been specifically designed for the containment of more noxious materials. As opposed to more centralized MSW landfills, Surface Disposal surface disposal sites can be situated close to where the faecal sludge is treated, limiting the need for long transport distances. The main difference between surface disposal and land application is the application rate. There is no limit to the quantity of sludge that can be applied to the surface since nutrient loads or agronomic rates are not a concern. Attention must be paid, however, to groundwater contamination and leaching. More advanced surface disposal systems may incorporate a liner and leachate collection system in order to prevent nutrients and contaminants from infiltrating the groundwater. Sites for the temporary storage of a product should be covered to avoid rewetting by rainwater and the generation of leachate.
<br>
{{procontable | pro=
- May prevent unmitigated disposal <br>- Storage may render the product more hygienic <br>- Can make use of vacant or abandoned land. <br> - Low cost. Little operation skills or maintenance required <br> - May prevent unmitigated disposal. Low capital and operating costs| con=- NonRequires a large land area <br>- Potential leaching of nutrients and contaminants into groundwater <br>-Surface disposal hampers the beneficial use of a resource. <br> - Odours are normally may be noticeable (, depending on prior treatment). <br> - May require special spreading equipment. <br> - May require special spreading equipment. <br> - Micropollutants may accumulate in the soil and contaminate groundwater.
}}
===AdequacyAppropriateness=== Since there are no benefits gained from this type of surface disposal technology, it should not be considered as a primary option. However, where acceptance towards biosolid sludge use does is not existeasily accepted, the contained and controlled stockpiling of biosolids solids is far preferable to uncontrolled dumping. Biosolids Storage may, in some cases, be a good option to further dry and sanitize a material and to generate a safe, acceptable product. Storage may also be required to bridge the gap between supply and demand. Surface disposal and storage can be applied practiced in almost every climate and environment, although they should may not be stored feasible where there is frequent flooding or where the groundwater table is high. ===Health Aspects/Acceptance=== Since the Surface Disposal site is located far from and protected from the public, there should be no risk of contact or nuisance. Care should be taken to protect the disposal site from vermin and from pooling water, both of which could exacerbate smell and vector problems.
===MaintenanceHealth Aspects/Acceptance===If a surface disposal and storage site is protected (e.g., by a fence) and located far from the public, there should be no risk of contact or nuisance. The contamination of groundwater resources by leachate should be prevented by adequate siting and design. Care should be taken to protect the disposal or storage site from vermin and pooling water, both of which could exacerbate smell and vector problems.
===Operation & Maintenance staff === Staff should ensure that only appropriate materials are disposed of at the site, and must maintain control over the traffic and hours of operation. Workers should wear appropriate protective clothing.
===References and external links===
*Strande, L., Ronteltap, M. and Brdjanovic, D. (Eds.) (2014). Faecal Sludge Management. Systems Approach for Implementation and Operation. IWA Publishing, London, UK. (Detailed book compiling the current state of knowledge on all aspects related to FSM)
:Available at: [http://www.sandec.ch sandec.ch]
* U.S. EPA (1999). Biosolids Generation, Use, and Disposal in the United States, . EPA-530/R-99-009. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: , Washington, D.C. , US.:Availableat: [http://www.epa.govepa.gov]
* U.S. EPA (1994). A Plain English Guide to the EPA Part 503 Biosolids Rule. EPA832-R-93-003. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: , Washington, D.C. , US.:Availableat: [http://www.epa.govepa.gov]
===Acknowledgements===
{{:Acknowledgements Sanitation}}
