ManShared=XX|
ManPublic=XX|
Input1=Effluent |Input2=Stormwater |Input3= Stored Urine | Input4= |Input5=|Output1=- Biomass |Output2= | Output3= | Output4= | Output5=
|english_link=Irrigation
|french_link=Irrigation_(fr)
[[Image:Icon_irrigation.png |right|80px]]
'''To reduce dependence on freshwater and maintain a constant source of irrigation water throughout the year, waste waters of varying qualities can be used in agriculture. Generally, only waters that have had secondary treatment (i.e. physical and biological treatment) should be used to limit the risk of crop contamination and the health risk to workers.'''
There are two kinds '''To reduce dependence on freshwater and maintain a constant source of water for irrigation technologies throughout the year, wastewater of varying quality can be used in agriculture. However, only water that are appropriate for using treated wastewaters:has had secondary treatment (i.e., physical and biological treatment) should be used to limit the risk of crop contamination and health risks to workers.'''
There are two kinds of irrigation technologies appropriate for treated wastewater: 1) Drip irrigation above or below ground, where the water is slowly dripped slowly on or near the root area; and2) Surface water irrigation where water is routed overland in a series of dug channels or furrows. To minimize evaporation and contact with pathogens, spray irrigation should be avoided. Properly treated wastewater can significantly reduce dependence on freshwater, and/or improve crop yields by supplying increased water and nutrients to plants. Raw sewage or untreated blackwater should not be used, and even well-treated water should be used with caution. Long-term use of poorly or improperly treated water may cause long-term damage to the soil structure and its ability to hold water.
2) Surface water ===Design Considerations=== The application rate must be appropriate for the soil, crop and climate, or it could be damaging. To increase the nutrient value, urine can be dosed into irrigation where water ; this is routed overland in a series of dug channels or furrowscalled “fertigation” (i.e. To minimize evaporation and contact with pathogens, spray fertilization + irrigation should ). The dilution ratio has to be avoided. Properly treated wastewater can significantly reduce dependence on freshwater, adapted to the special needs and/or improve resistance of the crop yields by supplying increased water and nutrients to plants. Raw sewage or untreated blackwater In drip irrigation systems care should not be usedtaken to ensure that there is sufficient head (i.e., pressure) and even well-treated water should be used with caution. Long-term use of poorly or improperly treated water may cause long-term damage maintenance to reduce the soil structure and its ability to hold waterpotential for clogging (especially, with urine from which struvite will spontaneously precipitate).
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{{procontable | pro=
- Reduces depletion of ground water groundwater and improves the availability of drinking water. <br> - Reduced Reduces the need for fertilizer. <br> - Low to moderate capital cost; low to moderate operating cost. <br> - Potential for local job creation and income generation. <br> - Low risk of pathogen transmission if water is properly pre-treated. <br> - Potential to improved health, self-reliance in community. Low capital and operating costs depending on the design| con=- Must May require expert design and installation <br>- Not all parts and materials may be well settled. locally available <br> - Drip irrigation is very sensitive to clogging, i. e., the water must be free from suspended solids <br> - May require expert design and installation. Risk of soil salinization if the soil is prone to the accumulation of salts <br> - Not all parts and materials Social acceptance may be available locally.low in some areas
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===AdequacyAppropriateness=== Generally, drip irrigation is the most appropriate irrigation method; it is especially good for arid and drought prone areas. Surface irrigation is prone to large losses from evaporation but requires little/ or no infrastructure and may be appropriate in some situations. Crops such as corn, alfalfa (and other feed), fibres (cotton), trees, tobacco, fruit trees (mangos) and foods requiring processing (sugar beet) can be grown safely with treated effluent. More care should be taken when growing fruits and vegetables that may be eaten raw (e.g. tomatoes) that could come in contact with the water. Energy crops like eucalyptus, poplar, willow, or ash trees can be grown in short-rotation and harvested for biofuel production. Since the trees are not for consumption, this is a safe, efficient way of using lower quality effluent. There are potential health risks if water is not properly pre-treated (i.e. inadequate pathogen reduction). Soil quality can be degraded over time (e.g. accumulation of salts) if poorly treated waste water is applied. The application rate must be appropriate for the soil, crop and climate, or it could be damaging. ===Health Aspects/Acceptance=== Appropriate pre-treatment should precede any irrigation scheme to limit health risks to those who come in contact with the water. As well, depending on the degree of treatment that the effluent has undergone, it may be contaminated with the different chemicals that are discharged into the system. When effluent is used for irrigation, households and industries connected to the system should be made aware of the products that are and are not appropriate for discharging into the system.
Drip irrigation is the only type of irrigation that should be used with edible cropsCrops such as corn, alfalfa (and other feed), fibres (e.g., cotton), trees, tobacco, fruit trees (e.g., mangos) and even thenfoods requiring processing (e.g., sugar beets) can be grown safely with treated effluent. More care should be taken to prevent workers with fruits and harvested crops from coming vegetables that may be eaten raw (e.g., tomatoes) because they could come in contact with the water. Energy crops like eucalyptus, poplar, willow, or ash trees can be grown in short-rotation and harvested for biofuel production. Since the trees are not for consumption, this is a safe, efficient way of using lower-quality effluent. Soil quality can degrade over time (e.g., due to theaccumulation of salts) if poorly treated effluentwastewater is applied. Despite safety concerns, irrigation with effluent is an effective way to recycle nutrients and water.
===MaintenanceHealth Aspects/Acceptance===Appropriate treatment (i.e., adequate pathogen reduction) should precede any irrigation scheme to limit health risks to those who come in contact with the water. Furthermore, it may still be contaminated with the different chemicals that are discharged into the system depending on the degree of treatment the effluent has undergone. When effluent is used for irrigation, households and industries connected to the system should be made aware of the products that are and are not appropriate to discharge into the system. Drip irrigation is the only type of irrigation that should be used with edible crops, and even then, care should be taken to prevent workers and harvested crops from coming in contact with the treatedeffluent. The WHO guidelines on wastewater use in agriculture should be consulted for detailed information and specific guidance.
===Operation & Maintenance=== Drip irrigation systems must be cleaned periodically flushed to remove any built-up avoid biofilm growth and clogging from all types of solids. The pipes Pipes should be checked for leaks as they are prone to damage from rodents and humans. Drip irrigation is more costly than conventional irrigation, but has offers improved yields and decreased water/ operating costs. Workers should wear appropriate protective clothing.
===References===
* AyersDrechsel, RSP., Scott, C. A., Raschid-Sally, L., Redwood, M. and WestcotBahri, DWA. (1994Eds.)(2010). Wastewater Irrigation and Health. Assessing and Mitigating Risk in Low-Income Countries. Earthscan, IDRC and IWMI, London, UK. :Available at: [http://www.faoidrc.orgca idrc.ca] and [http:/docrep/003/T0234E/T0234E00www.htm FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 29 Reviwmi. 1cgiar. Water Quality for Agriculture]org iwmi. FAO, Romecgiar. org]
* Crites, R. and Tchobanoglous, G. FAO (19982012). Small and Decentralized On-Farm Practices for the Safe Use of Wastewater Management Systems. WCB in Urban and McGrawPeri-HillUrban Horticulture. A Training Handbook for Farmer Field Schools. FAO, New YorkRome, USAIT.:Available at: [http://www.fao. pp 878–886org fao.org]
* MaraPalada, DDM., Bhattarai, S., Wu, D., Roberts, M., Bhattarai, M., Kimsan, R. and Midmore, D. (19962011). LowMore Crop Per Drop. Using Simple Drip Irrigation Systems for Small-Cost Urban SanitationScale Vegetable Production. WileyThe World Vegetable Center, ChichesterShanhua, UKTW.:Available at: [http://www.avrdc. pp 150–152org avrdc.org]
* MaraPescod, DDM. B. (20041992). Domestic Wastewater Treatment and Use in Developing CountriesAgriculture. EarthscanFAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 47. FAO, LondonRome, IT.:Available at: [http://www.fao. pp 231–245org fao.org]
* Okun, DA. and Ponghis, G. WHO (19752006). Community Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater Collection , Excreta and DisposalGreywater. Volume 2: Wastewater Use in Agriculture. WHOWorld Health Organization, Geneva, CH. (Discussion of health aspects of wastewater use and of good irrigation practice in Annex 1):Available at: [http://www.who. pp 211–220int who.int]
* SasseWinpenny, LJ., Heinz, I. and Koo-Oshima, S. (19982010). DEWATS: Decentralised The Wealth of Waste. The Economics of Wastewater Treatment Use in Developing CountriesAgriculture. FAO Water Reports 35. BORDAFAO, Bremen Overseas Research and Development AssociationRome, Bremen, GermanyIT:Available at: [http://www.fao.org fao.org]
* WHO Zandee, M. (20062012). Guidelines for the safe use Risk of Clogging of wastewaterDrip-Line Emitters during Urine Fertilization through Drip Irrigation Equipment. Eawag, Dübendorf, excreta and greywater- Volume 2CH.:Available at: [http: Wastewater and excreta use in agriculture//www. WHO, Genevaeawag.ch/stun eawag.ch/stun]
===Acknowledgements===
{{:Acknowledgements Sanitation}}
