Changes

sys2=[[Pour Flush Biogas System with Twin Pits|35]]|sys3=[[Blackwater Treatment System with Infiltration|56]]|sys4=[[Blackwater Treatment System with SewerageEffluent Transport|67]]|sys5=[[Blackwater Transport to (Semi-) Centralized Treatment System|78]]| sys6=[[Sewerage System with Urine Diversion|89]]|

Input1=Treated Sludge |Input2= |Input3=| Input4=|Input5=|Output1=- Biomass |Output2= | Output3= | Output4= | Output5=

 '''Digested or stabilized Faecal Sludge is referred to as ‘Biosolids’. Depending on the treatment type and quality of the biosolids, they digested or stabilized sludge can be applied to public or private lands, for landscaping or for agriculture.'''

The USEPA defines different levels of biosolids depending on the treatment and quality, and therefore the health risk. Class A biosolids Sludge that has been treated (i.e. biosolids that can be sold for public use) can be used with nearly no restrictionsg. Please consult the guidelines for specific use criteria, Co-Composted or removed from a Planted Drying Bed, etc. Biosolids ) can be used in agriculture, home gardening, forestry, sod and turf growing, landscaping, parks, golf courses, mine reclamation, as a dump cover, or for erosion control. Although biosolids have sludge has lower nutrient levels than commercial fertilizers (for nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium , respectively), they it can be used to replace an important part or all of commercial fertilizers that are usedthe fertilizer need. Additionally, biosolids have treated sludge has been found to have properties that are superior to those of fertilizers, such as bulking properties, and water retention properties , and the slow, steady release of nutrients. Biosolids are spread on the ground surface using conventional manure spreaders, tank trucks or specially designed vehicles. More liquid biosolids (e.g. from anaerobic reactors) can be sprayed onto, or injected into, the ground. Dewatered biosolids may be ‘flung’, which is most common in forests.

===AdequacyAppropriateness===Although sludge is sometimes criticized for containing potentially high levels of metals or contaminants, commercial fertilizers are also contaminated to varying degrees, most likely with cadmium or other heavy metals. Faecal sludge from pit latrines should not have any chemical inputs and is, therefore, not a high risk source of heavy metal contamination. Sludge that originates at large-scale wastewater treatment plants is more likely to be contaminated since it receives industrial and domestic chemicals, as well as surface water run-off,which may contain hydrocarbons and metals. Depending on the source, sludge can serve as a valuable and often much-needed source of nutrients. Application of sludge on land may be less expensive than disposal.

Although biosolids are sometimes criticized for containing potentially high levels ===Health Aspects/Acceptance=== The greatest barrier to the use of metals or contaminantssludge is, commercial fertilizers are also contaminated to varying degreesgenerally, most likely with cadmium or other heavy metalsacceptance. Faecal However, even when sludge from pit latrines has no, if any, chemical inputs and is therefore not a high risk source of contamination. Faecal sludge that originates at large-scale wastewater treatment plants is more likely to accepted by agriculture orlocal industries, it can still be contaminated since it receives industrial useful for municipal projects and domestic chemicalscan actually provide significant savings (e.g., as well as surface water run-off which may contain hydrocarbons and metalsmine reclamation). Depending on the source of the sludge sourceand on the treatment method, biosolids it can serve as be treated to a valuable level where it is generally safe and often much-needed source of nutrientsno longer generates significant odour or vector problems. Land Following appropriate safety and application of biosolids may regulations is important. WHO guidelineson excreta use in agriculture should be less expensive than disposalconsulted for detailed information.

Application rates ===Operation & Maintenance=== Spreading equipment must be maintained to ensure continued use. The amount and usages for biosolids rate of sludge application should take into account not only the presence of pathogens be monitoredto prevent overloading and contaminants, but also thus, the quantity of nutrients such that they are spread at a sustainable and ‘agronomic’ ratepotential for nutrient pollution. Appropriate safety and application regulations Workers should be followedwear appropriate protective clothing.

===Health Aspects/AcceptanceReferences and external links=== The greatest barrier to biosolid use is generally acceptance*Strande, L. However, even when biosolids are not accepted in agriculture or by local industriesRonteltap, they can still be useful for municipal projects M. and can actually provide significant savings to public projects Brdjanovic, D. (Eds.) (e2014).gFaecal Sludge Management. Systems Approach for Implementation and Operation. mine reclamation)IWA Publishing, London, UK. Depending on (Detailed book compiling the source current state of the faecal sludge and knowledge on the treatment method, biosolids can be treated all aspects related to a level where they are generally safe and without significant odour or vector problemsFSM):Available at: [http://www.sandec.ch sandec. ===Maintenance===ch]

Spreading equipment must be maintained to ensure continued use* U. The amount S. EPA (1999). Biosolids Generation, Use, and rate of biosolid application should be monitored to prevent overloading and thusDisposal in the United States. EPA-530/R-99-009. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., the potential for nutrient pollutionUS.:Available at: [http://www.epa.gov epa.gov]

===References and external links===* U.S. EPA (19991994). Biosolids Generation, Use, and Disposal in A Plain English Guide to the United States, EPAPart 503 Biosolids Rule. EPA832-530/R-9993-009003. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: , Washington, D.C. , US.:Availableat: [http://www.epa.govepa.gov]

* U.S. EPA WHO (19942006). A Plain English Guide to Guidelines for the EPA Part 503 Biosolids RuleSafe Use of Wastewater, EPA832-R-93-003Excreta and Greywater. UVolume 4: Excreta and Greywater Use in Agriculture.SWorld Health Organization, Geneva, CH. Environmental Protection Agency: Washington, D.C. Availableat: [http://www.epawho.int who.govint]