Changes

sys2=[[Blackwater Treatment System with Infiltration|56]]|sys3=[[Blackwater Treatment System with SewerageEffluent Transport|67]]|sys4=[[Blackwater Transport to (Semi-) Centralized Treatment System|78]]| sys5=[[Sewerage System with Urine Diversion|89]]|

Input1=Faecal Sludge |Input2=Organics |Input3=|Input4=|Input5=|Output1=Compost/EcoHumus |Output2= | Output3= | Output4= | Output5=

 '''Co-Composting composting is the controlled aerobic degradation of organics , using more than one materials feedstock (Faecal faecal sludge and Organic organic solid waste). Faecal sludge has a high moisture and nitrogen content , while biodegradable solid waste is high in organic carbon and has good bulking properties (i.e. , it allows air to flow and circulate). By combining the two, the benefits of each can be used to optimize the process and the product. For dewatered sludges, a ratio of 1:2 to 1:3 of dewatered sludge to solid waste should be used. Liquid sludges should be used at a ratio of 1:5 to 1:10 of liquid sludge to solid waste.'''

====Open co-composting====There are two types of Coco-Composting composting designs: open and in-vessel. In open composting, the mixed material (sludge and solid waste) is piled into long heaps called windrows and left to decompose. Windrow piles are periodically turned periodically to provide oxygen and ensure that all parts of the pile are subjected to the same heat treatment. Windrow piles should be at least 1m highIn-vessel composting requires controlled moisture and air supply, and should be insulated with compost or soil to promote an even distribution of heat inside the pileas wellas mechanical mixing. Depending on the climate and available spaceTherefore, the facility may be covered to prevent excess evaporation and protection from rainit is not generally appropriate for decentralized facilities. To adequately treat excreta together with other organic materials in windrows, Although the WHO (1989) recommends active windrow co-composting with other organic materials for one month at 55process seems like a simple, passive technology, a well-60°C, followed by two functioning facility requires careful planning and design to four months curing to stabilise the compost. This achieves an acceptable level of pathogen kill for targeted health valuesavoid failure.

====In-vessel co-composting=Design Considerations===In-vessel composting requires controlled moisture The facility should be located close to the sources of organic waste and air supplyfaecal sludge to minimize transport costs, as well as mechanical mixingbut still at a distanceaway from homes and businesses to minimize nuisances. ThereforeDepending on the climate and available space, it is not generally appropriate for decentralized facilitiesthe facility may be covered to prevent excess evaporation and/or provide protection from rain and wind. Although the composting process seems like For dewatered sludge, a simple, passive technology, ratio of 1:2 to 1:3 of sludge to solid waste should be used. Liquid sludge should be used at a well-working facility requires careful planning ratio of 1:5 to 1:10 of sludge to solid waste. Windrow piles should be at least 1 m high and design insulated with compost or soil to avoid failurepromote an even distribution of heat inside the pile.

- Through co-composting, a useful and safe end product is generated that combines nutrients and organic material. <br>- Easy Relatively straightforward to set up and maintain with appropriate training <br>- Provides a valuable resource that can improve local agriculture and food production <br>- High A high removal of helminth eggs is possible (< 1 egg viable egg/g TS) <br>- Can be built and repaired with locally available materials <br>- Toilet paper is decomposed <br>- Low capital cost; low and operating cost <br>- Potential for local job creation and income generation costs <br>- No electrical energy required| con= - Requires a large land area (that is well located) <br>- Long storage times <br>- Requires expert design and operation by skilled personnel <br>- limited control of vectors and pest attraction <br>- Labour intensive <br>- Lower cost variants requires a large land area (which Compost is well located)too bulky to be economically transported over long distances

===AdequacyAppropriateness=== A Coco-Composting composting facility is only appropriate when there is an available source of well-sorted biodegradable solid waste. Mixed solid Solid waste with containing plastics and garbage must first be sorted. When carefully done carefully, Coco-Composting composting can produce a clean, pleasant, beneficial product that is safe to touch and work with. It is a good way to reduce the pathogen load in sludge. Depending on the climate (rainfall, temperature and wind) the Co-Composting facility can be built to accommodate the conditionssoil conditioner. Since moisture plays an important role in the composting process, covered facilities are especially recommended where there is heavy rainfall. The facility should be located close to the sources of organic waste and faecal sludge (to minimize transport) but to minimize nuisances, it should not be too close to homes and businesses. A well-trained staff is necessary for the operation and maintenance of the facility.

Adding excretaApart from technical considerations, especially urine, to household organics produces compost with composting only makes sense if there is a higher nutrient value demand for the product (N-P-Kfrom paying customers) than . In order to find buyers, a consistent and good quality compost has to be produced only from kitchen ; this depends on good initial sorting and garden wastes. Coa well-composting integrates excreta and solid waste management, optimizing efficiencycontrolled thermophilic process.

Maintaining the temperature in the pile between 55 and 60 °C can reduce the pathogen load in sludge to a level safe to touch and work with. Although the finished compost can be safely handled, care should be taken when handling dealing with the faecal sludge, regardless of the previous treatment. Workers If the material is found to be dusty, workers should wear protective clothing and use appropriate respiratory equipment if the material is found to be dusty. Proper ventilation and dust control are important.

===UpgradingOperation & Maintenance=== Robust grinders The mixture must be carefully designed so that it has the proper C:N ratio, moisture and oxygen content. If facilities exist, it would be useful to monitor helminth egg inactivation as a proxy measure of sterilization. A well-trained staff is necessary for shredding large pieces the operation andmaintenance of solid waste (ithe facility.e. small branches Maintenance staff must carefully monitor the quality of the input material, and coconut shells) and pile turners help to optimize keep track of the processinflows, reduce manual labouroutflows, turning schedules, and maturing times to ensure a more homogenous end high quality product. Forced aeration systems must be carefully controlledand monitored.

===Maintenance===The mixture must be carefully designed so that it has the proper C:N ratio, moisture and oxygen content. If facilities exist, it would be useful to monitor helminth egg inactivation as a proxy measure of sterilization. Maintenance staff must carefully monitor the quality of the input materials, keep track of the inflows, outflows, turning schedules, and maturing times to ensure a high quality product. Manual turning Turning must be periodically done periodically with either a front-end loader or by hand. Forced aeration systems must be carefully controlled Robust grinders for shredding large pieces of solid waste (i.e., small branches and coconut shells) and pile turners help to optimize the process, reduce manual labour, and monitoredensure a more homogenous end product.

* CofieHoornweg, D., Thomas, OL.and Otten, et alL. (20062000). Solid–liquid separation of faecal Sludge using drying beds Composting and Its Applicability in GhanaDeveloping Countries. Urban Waste Management Working Paper Series No. 8. The World Bank, Washington, D.C., US.:Available at: [http: Implications for nutrient recycling in urban agriculture//documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/home documents. Water Research 40(1): 75–82worldbank. org/curated/en/home] * Koné, D., et alCofie, O., Zurbrügg, C., Gallizzi, K., Moser, D., Drescher, S. and Strauss, M. (2007). Helminth eggs inactivation efficiency Eggs Inactivation Efficiency by faecal Faecal Sludge dewatering Dewatering and coCo-composting Composting in tropical climatesTropical Climates. Water Research 41(19): 4397–44024397-4402. * Obeng, LAL. A. and Wright, FWF. W. (1987). Integrated Resource RecoverRecovery. The Co-Composting of Domestic Sold Solid and Human Wastes. The World Bank + and UNDP, Washington, D.C., US. :Available at: [http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/home documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/home] * ShuvalRouse, HIJ., et alRothenberger, S. and Zurbrügg, C. (19812008). Appropriate Technology : Marketing Compost, a Guide for Water Supply Compost Producers in Low and Sanitation; NightMiddle-soil CompostingIncome Countries. UNDP/WB Contribution to the IDWSSD. The World BankEawag (Department Sandec), Dübendorf, WashingtonCH. The following reports can all be found in the Faecal Sludge Co-Composting section of the Sandec Website:Available at: [http: //www.sandec.ch sandec.ch] * MontangeroStrande, L., Ronteltap, AM.and Brdjanovic, et alD. (2002Eds.) (2014). Co-composting of Faecal Sludge Management. Systems Approach for Implementation and Soil WasteOperation. Sandec/IWMIIWA Publishing, DübendorfLondon, SwitzerlandUK. (Detailed book compiling the current state of knowledge on all aspects related to FSM):Available at: [http://www. sandec.ch sandec.ch] * Strauss, M., et alDrescher, S., Zurbrügg, C., Montangero, A., Cofie, O. and Drechsel, P. (2003). Co-composting Composting of Faecal Sludge and Municipal Organic Waste- . A Literature and State-of- Knowledge Review. Eawag (Department Sandec/IMWI), Dübendorf, Switzerland. * Drescher. S.CH and IWMI, ZurbrüggAccra, CGH., Enayetullah, I:Available at: http://www. and Singha, MADsandec. (2006). Decentralised Composting for Cities of Low- and Middle-Income Countries - A User’s Manual. Eawag/Sandec and Waste Concern, Dhakach sandec.ch]