Changes

sys2=[[Blackwater Treatment System with Infiltration|56]]|sys3=[[Blackwater Treatment System with SewerageEffluent Transport|67]]|sys4=[[Blackwater Transport to (Semi-) Centralized Treatment System |78]]|sys5=[[Sewerage System with Urine Diversion |89]]|

Input1=Faecal Sludge |Input2= |Input3= | Input4= |Input5=|Output1= Effluent | Output2= Treated Sludge | Output3= Forage Biomass | Output4= | Output5=

 '''A Planted Drying Bed planted drying bed is similar to an [[Unplanted Drying Beds|Unplanted Drying Bed]] with (T.14), but has the added benefit of increased transpirationand enhanced sludge treatment due to the plants. The key feature improvement of the planted bed over the unplanted bed is that the filters do not need to be desludged after each feeding/drying cycle. Fresh sludge can be directly applied directly onto the previous layer; it is the plants and their root systems that maintain the porosity of the filter.'''

This technology has the benefit of dewatering as well as and stabilizing the sludge. Also, the roots of the plants create pathways through the thickening sludge to that allow water to easily escape more easily. The appearance of the bed is similar to a [[Vertical Flow Constructed Wetland]](T.9). The beds are filled with sand and gravel to support the vegetation. Instead of effluent, sludge is applied to the surface and the filtrate flows down through the subsurface to collect where it is collected in drains. A general design for layering the bed is: (1) 250mm of coarse gravel (grain diameter of 20mm); (2) 250mm of fine gravel (grain diameter of 5 mm); and (3) 100–150mm of sand. Free space (1m) should be left above the top of the sand layer to account for about 3 to 5 years of accumulation.

When ===Design Considerations=== Ventilation pipes connected to the drainage system contribute to aerobic conditions in the filter. A general design for layering the bed is constructed, the plants : (1) 250 mm of coarse gravel (grain diameter of 20 mm); (2) 250 mm of fine gravel (grain diameter of 5 mm); and (3) 100 to 150 mm of sand. Free space (1 m) should be planted evenly and allowed left above the top of the sand layer to account for about 3 to establish themselves before the sludge is applied5 years of accumulation. Reeds (Phragmites sp.), cattails (Typha sp. ) antelope grass (Echinochloa pyramidalis, Cattails or Phragmites sp.) and papyrus (Cyperus papyrus) are suitable plants , depending on the climate. Local, non-invasive species can be used if they grow in humidenvironments, are resistant to salty water and readily reproduce after cutting.

Sludge should be applied in layers between 75 to 100mm 100 mm thick and should be reapplied every 3 to 7 days , depending on the sludge characteristics, the environment and operating constraints. Sludge application rates of up 100 to 250kg250 kg/m2/year have been reportedin warm tropical climates. The sludge In colder climates, such as northern Europe, rates up to 80 kg/m2/year are typical. Two or more parallel beds can be removed after 2 alternately used to 3 years (although allow for sufficient degradation and pathogen reduction of the degree top layer of hygienization will vary with climate) and used for agriculturesludge before it is removed. The leachate that is collected in the drainage pipes must be treated properly, depending on where it is discharged.

- Can handle high loading. <br> - Fruit or forage growing can generate income. Better sludge treatment than in Unplanted Drying Beds <br> - Can be built and repaired with locally available materials. <br> - Low Relatively low capital costcosts; low operating cost. costs <br> - Potential for local job creation and Fruit or forage growing in the beds can generate income generation. <br> - No electrical energy required. | con=- Requires a large land area. <br> - Odours and flies are normally may be noticeable. <br> - Long storage times. <br> - Labour intensive removal <br>- Requires expert design and operation. <br> - Labour intensive removal. construction <br> - Leachate requires secondary further treatment.

===AdequacyAppropriateness=== This technology is an effective technology at decreasing the sludge volume (down to 50%) through decomposition and drying, which is especially important when the sludge needs to be transported elsewhere for direct end-use, [[Co-composting]], or disposal. Planted Because of their area requirements, planted drying beds are most appropriate for small to medium communities with populations up to 100,000 people, but they can also be used in bigger cities. It If designed to service urban areas, planted drying beds should be located on at the edge border of the community. The sludge is not hygienized and requires further treat ment before disposal. Ideally this technology should be coupled with a Co-Composting facility to generate a hygienic product. Trained staff , but within economic reach for operation and maintenance is required to ensure proper functioning. ===Health Aspects/Acceptance=== Because of the pleasing aesthetics, there should be few problems with acceptance, especially if located away dense housing. Faecal sludge is hazardous and anyone working with it should wear protective clothing, boots and glovesmotorized emptying operators.

===MaintenanceHealth Aspects/Acceptance===Because of the pleasing aesthetics, there should be few problems with acceptance, especially if located sufficiently away from dense housing. Undisturbed plantations can attract wildlife, including poisonous snakes. Faecal sludge is hazardous and anyone working with it should wear protective clothing, boots and gloves. The degree of pathogen reduction in the sludge will vary with the climate. Depending on the desired end-use, further storage and drying might be required.

===Operation & Maintenance=== Trained staff for operation and maintenance is required to ensure proper functioning. The drains must be maintained and the effluent must be properly collected and disposed of. The plants should have grown sufficiently before applying the sludge. The acclimation phase is crucial and requires much care. The plants should be periodically thinned and/or harvested. After 3 to 5 years the sludge can be removed.

* Crites, R. and Tchobanoglous, G. (1998). Small and Decentralized Wastewater Management Systems. WCB and /McGraw-Hill, New York, USAUS.

* Heinss, U. and Koottatep, T. (1998). Use of Reed Beds for Faecal Sludge Dewatering - . A Synopsis of Reviewed Literature and Interim Results of Pilot Investigations with Septage Treatment in Bangkok, Thailand. UEEM Program Report Eawag (Department Sandec), Dübendorf, CH and AIT/EAWAG, DübendorfBangkok, SwitzerlandTH. :Availableat: [http://www.sandec.chsandec.ch]

* KoottatepKengne Noumsi, TI., et alM. (20042008). Potentials of Sludge Drying Beds Vegetated with Cyperus papyrus L. and Echinochloa pyramidalis (Lam.) Hitchc. & Chase for Faecal Sludge Treatment of septage in constructed wetlands in tropical climate – Lessons learnt after seven years Tropical Regions [PhD dissertation]. University of operationYaounde, Yaounde, CM. Water Science & Technology, 51(9): 119–126. Availableat: [http://www.sandecnorth-south.unibe.ch north-south.unibe.ch]

* Koottatep, T., Surinkul, N., Polprasert, C., Kamal, A. S. M., Koné, D., Montangero, A., Heinss, U. and Strauss, M. (20022005). Faecal Sludge Treatmentof Septage in Constructed Wetlands in Tropical Climate – Lessons Learnt after Seven Years of Operation. Lecture Notes, IHE DelftWater Science & Technology 51 (9): 119-126. :Availableat: [http://www.sandec.chsandec.ch]

* TchobanoglousStrande, GL., BurtonRonteltap, FLM. and StenselBrdjanovic, HDD. (2003Eds.) (2014). Wastewater Engineering: Treatment Faecal Sludge Management. Systems Approach for Implementation and Reuse, 4th EditionOperation. Metcalf & EddyIWA Publishing, New YorkLondon, pp 1578UK. (Detailed book compiling the current state of knowledge on all aspects related to FSM):Available at: [http://www.sandec.ch sandec.ch]

* Kengne NoumsiTchobanoglous, IMG. (2008), Burton, F. Potentials of Sludge drying beds vegetated with Cyperus papyrus L. and Echinochloa pyramidalis Stensel, H. D. (Lam.2004) Hitchc. Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Reuse, Metcalf & Chase for faecal Sludge treatment in tropical regionsEddy, 4th Ed. [PhD dissertation](Internat. Ed. Yaounde (Cameroon): University of Yaounde. Available: http://wwwMcGraw-Hill, New York, US.nccr-north-southp.unibe1578.ch