sys1=[[Single Pit System |1]]|
sys2=[[Waterless System with Alternating Pits |2]]|
sys3=[[Pour Flush Pit System with Twin Pits without Sludge Production |3]]|
sys4=[[ Waterless System with Urine Diversion|4]]|
sys5=[[Blackwater Treatment System with Infiltration|56]]|sys6=|[[Blackwater Treatment System with Effluent Transport| 7]]|
sys7=|
sys8=|
ManShared=XX|
ManPublic=XX|
Input1=Faecal Sludge|Input2=Dried faeces |Input3=Compost - EcoHumus | Input4=Blackwater Pit Humus |Input5=|Output1= Faecal Sludge |Output2= Dried faeces | Output3= Compost - EcoHumus | Output4=Blackwater Pit Humus | Output5=
|english_link=Human-Powered_Emptying_and_Transport
|french_link=Vidange_et_Transport_manuels
[[Image:Icon_human_powered_emptying_and_transport.png |right|80px]]
'''Human-powered Emptying and Transport refers the different ways in which people can manually empty and/or transport sludge and septage.'''
[[Image:MAPET_and_Vacutug_system.PNG|thumb|right|200px|[[MAPET and Vacutug system |MAPET and Vacutug system]], in Tanzania (for credits, click the picture)]]
'''Human-powered Emptying emptying and Transport of pits and tanks transport refers to several things:the different ways by which people can manually empty and/or transport sludge and solid products generated in onsite sanitation facilities.'''
* using buckets [[Image:MAPET_and_Vacutug_system.PNG|thumb|right|200px|[[MAPET and Vacutug system |MAPET and shovels; * using a hand-pump specially designed Vacutug system]], in Tanzania (for sludge (e.g. the Pooh Pump or credits, click the Gulperpicture); and]]
* Human-powered emptying of pits, vaults and tanks can be done in one of two ways:# using buckets and shovels, or# using a portable, manually operated pump specially designed for sludge (e.g. , the Gulper, the Rammer,the MDHP or the MAPET: Manual Pit Emptying Technology).
* using Some sanitation technologies can only be emptied manually, for example, the [[Fossa Alterna]] (S.5) or [[DehydrationVaults]] (S.7). These technologies must be emptied with a shovel because the material is solid and cannot be removed with a vacuum or a pump. When sludge is viscous or watery it should be emptied with a pushcart hand pump or tricycle a vacuum truck, and not with buckets because of the high risk of collapsing pits, toxic fumes, and exposure to transport containers unsanitized sludge. Manual sludge pumps are relatively new inventions and oil drums containing urine and excretahave shown promise as being low-cost, effective solutions for sludge emptying where, because of access, safety or economics, other emptying techniques are not possible.
===PumpsDesign Considerations===Some sanitation technologies can only be emptied manuallySludge hand pumps, for examplesuch as the Gulper, work on the same concept as water hand pumps: the bottom of the [[Fossa Alterna]] or [[Dehydration Vaults]]pipe is lowered into the pit/tank while the operator remains at the surface. These technologies must be emptied with a shovel because As the operator pushes and pulls the handle, the material sludge is solid pumped up and cannot be removed with a vacuum or a pumpis then discharged through the discharge spout. When The sludge is viscous or watery it should can be emptied with a hand-pumpcollected in barrels, a MAPET bags or a vacuum truckcarts, and not removed from the site with buckets because of the high risk of collapsing pits, toxic fumes, and exposure little danger to the unsanitized sludgeoperator. The type of emptying that Hand pumps can, be locally made with steel rods and should be employed, is very specific to the technology that needs emptyingvalves in a PVC casing.
Manual sludge pumps like the Pooh Pump or the Gulper are relatively new inventions and have shown promise as being low-cost, effective solutions for sludge emptying where, because of access, safety or economics, other sludge emptying techniques are not possible. The pump works on the same concept as a water pump: the handle is pumped, the liquid (sludge) rises up through the bottom of the pump and is forced out of a tap (sludge spout). Hand-pumps can be made locally with steels rods and valves in a PVC casing. The bottom of the pipe is lowered down into the pit/tank while the operator remains at the surface to operate the pump, thus removing the need for someone to enter the pit. As the operator pushes and pulls the handle, the sludge is pumped up through the main shaft and is then discharged through the V-shaped discharge spout. The sludge that is discharged can be collected in barrels, bags or carts, and removed from the site with little mess or danger to the operator.
===Gulper===One example of such a pump is The Gulper. This is a simple hand pump used to empty wet pit latrines and drain interceptor tanks. It consists of PVC pipes for the body, and stainless steel valves and puller rod. The Gulper is lowered into the pit with a footrest at groundlevel. The operator raises and lowers a puller rod, which pushes the sludge from the pit up through a pipe into a bucket or bag. Using the gulper, operators no longer need to climb into the pits and come in contact with the septic sludge. It is also much less time consuming as it removes around 3 litres of sludge per stroke. It is a cheaper method of improving sanitation, than trying to replace the pits by proper latrines. For more information about the Gulper see http://www.ideas-at-work.org/pdf/Gulper_pit_emptying_device.pdf ===MAPET===A MAPET (MAnual Pit Emptying Technology) consists of a hand manually operated pump connected to a vacuum tank of 200 litre mounted on a pushcart. A hose is connected to the tank and is used to suck sludge from a the pit. When the wheel of the hand pump is turned, air is sucked out of the vacuum tank and sludge is sucked up into the tank. Depending on the consistency of the sludge, the MAPET can pump up to a height of 3m3 m. Sludge A motorized version of the MAPET is transported to a neighbourhood collection / disposal point from where vacuum tankers transfer it to city treatment plantsthe [[Motorized Emptying and Transport#Vacutug|Vacutug]], developed by UN-Habitat.
A motorized version ====Gulper====One example of such a pump is The Gulper. This is a simple hand pump used to empty wet pit latrines and drain interceptor tanks. It consists of PVC pipes for the MAPET body, and stainless steel valves and puller rod. The Gulper is lowered into the pit with a footrest at ground-level. The operator raises and lowers a puller rod, which pushes the sludge from the [[Motorized Emptying pit up through a pipe into a bucket or bag. Using the gulper, operators no longer need to climb into the pits and Transport#Vacutug|Vacutug]]come in contact with the septic sludge. It is also much less time consuming as it removes around 3 litres of sludge per stroke. It is a cheaper method of improving sanitation, developed than trying to replace the pits by UNproper latrines. For more [http://www.ideas-at-Habitatwork.org/pdf/Gulper_pit_emptying_device.pdf information about the Gulper]. ===Cartage systems===
====Cartage systems====
Tricycles and push carts can be used to transport containers and oil drums containing urine or excreta. Push carts and tricycles (pedal or motorised) can access small streets. Tricycles can speed up the collection operation and increase the radius of the collection in urban areas, transporting the containers to transfer stations or to community treatment facilities. From transfer stations, urine and excreta can be loaded onto trucks or tractors, which can haul a larger volume over a long distance. Tricycles can collect door to door, although urine can also be collected in larger containers serving a number of houses.
<br>
{{procontable | pro=
- Potential for local job creation and income generation.<br>- Can access small streets <br>- Not dependent on large, cost-intensive infrastructure. <br> - Gulper Simple hand pumps can be built and repaired with locally available materials. <br> - Low to moderate capitalcosts; variable operating costs depending on discharge point (sludge transport over 0.5km is impractical). distance <br> - Provides service services to unsewered areas/communities. <br> - Easy to clean and reusable. without sewers| con=- Spills may can happen. which could pose potential health risks and generate offensive smells <br> - Time consuming: emptying pits out can take several hours/days depending on the their size of the pit. <br> - Garbage in pits may block pipe <br>- MAPET requires some Some devices may require specialized repair (welding). <br>-Highly depending on willingness to pay for regular removal of excreta. <br>- Cartage systems are only appropriate for small haul distances and small volumes.
}}
===AdequacyAppropriateness===
[[Image:Cartage_systems.png|thumb|right|200px|[[Cartage system |Cartage system]], motorized tricycle in India (for credits, click the picture)]]
Hand-pumps are appropriate for areas that are either not served by vacuum trucks, where vacuumtruck emptying is too costly, or where narrow streets and poor roads may limit the ability of a vacuum truck to access the site. The hand-pump is a significant improvement over the bucket method and could prove to be a sustainable business opportunity in some regions. The MAPET is also well suited to dense, urban and informal settlements, although in both cases, the distance to a suitable sludge discharge point is a limiting factor. These technologies are more feasible when there is a [[Transfer Station - Underground Holding Tank]] or [[Sewer Discharge Station]] nearby.
One government-run emptying programme implemented Hand pumps can be used for liquid and, to a manual certain degree, viscous sludge. Domestic refuse in the pit makes emptying scheme with great success by providing employment much more difficult. The pumping of sludge, which contains coarse solid wastes or grease, can lead to community members with adequate protection clogging of the device, and chemical additives can corrode pipes, pumps and tanks. The hand pump is a significant improvement over the bucket method and an appropriate wagecould prove to be a sustainable business opportunity in some regions.
Pushcarts and tricycles Manually operated sludge pumps are especially appropriate in flat for areas that are not served or not accessible by vacuum trucks, or where vacuum truck emptying is too costly. They are well suited to dense, urban areasand informal settlements, with access roadsalthough the type and size of transport vehicle determines the feasible distance to the discharge point. Pushcarts Large vehicles may not be able to manoeuvre within narrow streets and tricycles alleys, while smaller vehicles may not be able to travel long distances. These technologies are not appropriate for collecting large volumes more feasible when there is a Transfer Station (> 300 litre, > 300 kgC.7) or for longer distancesnearby.
===Health Aspects/Acceptance===Depending on cultural factors and political support, workers dealing with manual emptying may be viewed as providing an important service to the community. Government-run programmes should strive to legitimize the work of the labourers and create an enabling environment by providing permits and licences, as well as helping to legalize the practice of emptying latrines manually. The most important aspect of manual emptying is ensuring that workers are adequately protected with gloves, boots, overalls and facemasks. Regular medical exams and vaccinations should be required for everyone working with sludge.
Depending on cultural factors and political support===Operation & Maintenance===It is a common practice to add chemicals or oil during the pit emptying process to avoid odours. This is not recommended, however, because it causes difficulties in the subsequent treatment units, manual emptiers may be viewed as providing an important service well as additional health threats to the communityworkers. Government-run programmes should strive If manual access to legitimize the work contents of a pit requires demolishing the labourer and help improve the social climate by providing permitsslab, licences and helping it may be more cost-effective to use a manual sludge pump to legalize of empty the practice of manually emptying latrineslatrine. The most important aspect of manual emptying is ensuring that workers are adequately protected with glovesHowever, hand pumps cannot empty the entire pit and, bootstherefore, overalls and facemasks. Regular medical exams and vaccinations should emptying may be required for everyone working with sludgemore frequently (once a year).
===Upgrading=== To save time, vacuum trucks can be used rather than manual labour if it is appropriate and/or available. ===Maintenance=== The MAPET and Sludge Pumps Manually operated sludge pumps require daily maintenance (cleaning, repairing and desinfectiondisinfection). Workers that who manually empty latrines should clean and maintain their protective clothing and tools to prevent contact with the sludge. If manual access to the contents of a pit require breaking open the slab, it may be more cost effective to use a Gulper to empty the latrine. The Gulper cannot empty the entire pit and therefore, emptying may be required more frequently (once a year), however, this may be a cheaper alternative than replacing a broken slab.
===References===
* Eales, K. (2005). Bringing pit emptying Pit Emptying out of the darknessDarkness: A comparison Comparison of approaches Approaches in Durban, South Africa, and Kibera, Kenya. Building partnerships Partnerships for Development in Water and Sanitation, London, UK. :Availableat: [http://www.bpd-waterandsanitationbpdws.org bpdws.org] (A comparison of two manual emptying projects.) * Ideas at Work (2007). The ‘Gulper’ – a manual latrine/drain pit pump. Ideas at Work, Cambodia. Available: http://www.ideas-at-work.org * Muller, M. and Rijnsburger, J. (1994). MAPET. Manual Pit-latrine Emptying Technology Project. Development and pilot implementation of a neighbourhood based pit emptying service with locally manufactured handpump equipment in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. 1988–1992. WASTE Consultants, Netherlands.
* Oxfam Ideas at Work (n.d.2007). The ‘Gulper’ – a Manual Desludging Hand Latrine/Drain Pit Pump (MDHP) Resources. OxfamIdeas at Work, Phnom Penh, UKKH. :Availableat: [http://desludgingwww.ideas-at-work.org ideas-at-work.org] (Case study about a test of the Gulper by informal service providers)
* PickfordMuller, JM. and ShawRijnsburger, RJ. (19971994). MAPET. Manual Pit-latrine Emptying latrine pitsTechnology Project. Development andPilot Implementation of a Neighbourhood Based Pit Emptying Service with Locally Manufactured Handpump Equipment in Dar es Salaam, WaterlinesTanzania. 1988–1992. WASTE Consultants, 16(2): 15–18. (Technical BriefGouda, No. 54)NL. :Availableat: [http://www.lborowashdoc.acinfo washdoc.ukinfo]
* Sugden, SOxfam (2008). Manual Desludging Hand Pump (n.d.MDHP)Resources. Excreta Management in Unplanned Areas. London School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineOxfam GB, LondonOxford, UK. :Availableat: [http://siteresourceswww.worldbankdesludging.orgdesludging.org] (Manual for the MDHP)
* Pickford, J. and Shaw, R. (1997). Technical Brief No. 54: Emptying Pit Latrines. WEDC, Loughborough University,
Leicestershire, UK.
:Available at: [http://www.lboro.ac.uk/well lboro.ac.uk/well]
===Acknowledgements===
{{:Acknowledgements Sanitation}}
