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sys2=[[Sewerage Biogas System with Urine Diversion|85]]|sys3=[[Sewerage System with Urine Diversion|9]]
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[[Image:Icon_urine_storage_tank_container.png |right|80px]]
'''When urine or faeces cannot be used immediately or transported using a Conveyance Technology technology (i.e. , Jerrycans or oil drums, see C.1) , it can be stored onsite in containers or tanks. The Storage Tank storage tank must then be moved or emptied into another container for transport. '''
[[Image:Oil_drums_and_containers.PNG|thumb|right|200px|[[Oil drums and containers |Oil drums and containers]], in Uganda(for credits, click the picture)]]
===Urine===The Storage Tank urine storage tank should be appropriately sized to accommodate the number of users and the time required to sanitise sanitize the urine. Urine collected in small containers (up The storage guidelines for urine correspond to 20 litres) can the temperature of storage and the intended crop for which it would be easily transported and used as fertiliser in the household's own vegetable garden. Larger containersfertilizer, filled with but all urine have to should be collected by stored for at least 1 month before use (see WHO guidelines for specific storage and application guidelines). If a vehicle and family’s urine is used to fertilize crops for their own household consumption only, it can therefore be transported over longer distancesused directly without storage.
The storage guidelines for urine correspond to the temperature of storage and the intended crop, but all urine should be stored for at least 1 month (see WHO guidelines for specific storage and application guidelines). Smaller volume Storage Tanks storage tanks can be used and transported to another, centralized Storage Tank storage tank at, or close to, the point of use (i.e. , the farm).
===Design Considerations=== On average, a person generates about 1.2 L of urine a day; however, this quantity may vary significantly depending on the climate and fluid consumption. Mobile Storage Tanks storage tanks should be made of plastic or fibreglass, but permanent Storage Tanks ones can be made comprised of concrete or plastic. Metal should be avoided as it can easily be easily corroded by the high pH of stored urine.
With storage Over time, a layer of organic sludge and precipitated minerals (primarily calcium and magnesium phosphates) will form on the bottom of the tank. Any tank used for urine storage should have an opening large enough so that it can be cleaned and/ or pumped out. Neither the storage tank, nor the collection pipes should be ventilated to avoid odorous ammonia emissions, but they both need to be pressure equalized. If the storage tank is directly connected with a pipe to the toilet or urinal, care should be taken to minimize the length of the pipe since precipitates will accumulate.
Neither the Storage Tank, nor the collection pipes should be ventilated, but they both need to be pressure equalized. If the Storage Tank is emptied using a vacuum truck, the inflow of air must be maintained at a sufficient rate to ensure that the tank does not implode due to the vacuum. If the Storage Tank is connected to the toilet or urinal directly with a pipe, care should be taken to minimize the length of the pipe since precipitates will accumulate. If pipes must be used, they Pipes should have a steep slope (greater than > 1% slope), no sharp angles, and large diameters (up to 110mm 110 mm for underground pipes) and . They should be easily removable accessible in case of blockages. To minimize odoursand nitrogen loss, the tank should be filled from the bottom, i.e. , the urine should flow down through a pipe and be released near the bottom of the tank; this . This will prevent the urine from spraying as well as prevent back-flow. ===Faeces===Oil drums, or half drums, can be placed directly beneath a toilet to collect faeces. Ash or other drying material has to be added regularly to prevent smells. Toilet paper can also be collected in and avoid the oil drumbackflow of air.
! style="background:#f0f8ff;" | Disadvantages
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| valign="top" |- Simple and robust technology <br>- Can be built and repaired with locally available materials <br>- No electrical energy required Low risk of pathogen transmission <br>- Can Stored urine can be used immediately as a fertilizer <br>
- Small land area required <br>
- Low capital and No or low operating costsif self-emptied| valign="top" |- Mild to strong odour when opening and emptying tank (depending on storage conditions)- May require frequent emptying (depending on tank size)
|}
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===AdequacyAppropriateness===Urine storage tanks are most appropriate where there is a need for nutrients from fertilizer for agriculture which can be supplied by the stored urine. When there is no such need, the urine can become a source of pollution and a nuisance. Urine storage tanks can be used in virtually every environment; tanks should be well-sealed to preventleaks, infiltration and nitrogen loss. Urine storage tanks can be installed indoors, outdoors, above ground and below ground depending on the climate, space available, and soil.
Containers are not suitable for ===Health Aspects/Acceptance=== Long-term storage is the collection best way to sanitize urine without the addition of chemicals or mechanical processes. The risk of mixed disease transmission from stored urine and excretais low. Extended storage with storage times greater than 6 months provides near complete sanitization.
Collection of oil drums and containers at community level has to be made functioning beforehand and measures have to be taken to guarantee hygienic safety. Sizes and weights must be manageable. Long-term storage is the best way to sanitize urine without the addition of chemicals or mechanical processes. Urine Storage Tanks can be used in virtually every environment; tanks should be well-sealed to prevent leaks, infiltration and evaporation. Urine Storage Tanks can be installed indoors, outdoors, above ground and below ground depending on the climate, space available, and soil. ===Health Aspects / AcceptanceOperation & Maintenance===The risk of disease transmission from stored urine If the storage tank is lowemptied using a vacuum truck (see C. Extended storage with storage times greater than 6 months provides near complete sanitation3), the inflow of air must be maintained at a sufficient rate to ensure that the tank does not implode due to the vacuum. ===Maintenance===A viscous sludge will accumulate on the bottom of the Storage Tankstorage tank. When the Storage Tank storage tank is emptied, the sludge will usually be emptied along with the urine, but if a tap is used and the tank is never fully emptied, it may require desludging. The desludging period will depend on the composition of the urine and the storage conditions. Mineral and salt build-up in the tank or on in connecting pipes can be manually removed (sometimes with difficulty) or can be dissolved with a strong acid (24% acetic).
=== Manual, videos, and links ===
(Place here).
===References ===
* Kvarnström, E., Emilsson, K., Richert Stintzing, A., Johansson, M., Jönsson, H., af Petersens, E., Schönning, C.,
Christensen, J., Hellström, D., Qvarnström, L., Ridderstolpe, P. and Drangert, J.-O. (2006). Urine Diversion: One Step
Towards Sustainable Sanitation. Report 2006–1, EcoSanRes: Ecosan Publications Series, Stockholm, SE.
:Available at: [http://www.ecosanres.org ecosanres.org]
* von Münch, E. and Winker, M. (2011). Technology Review of Urine Diversion Components. Overview of Urine Diversion Components Such as Waterless Urinals, Urine Diversion Toilets, Urine Storage and Reuse Systems. Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH, Eschborn, DE.
:Available at: [http://www.susana.org/library susana.org/library]
* GTZ (2007). Technical data sheet, urine diversion: Piping and storage. GTZ, Germany. Available: [http://www.gtz.de www.gtz.de] * Kvarnström, E., et al. (2006). Urine Diversion - One step towards sustainable sanitation. Report 2006-1. Ecosan Res: Ecosan Publication Series, Stockholm. Available: [http://www.ecosanres.org www.ecosanres.org] * WHO (2006). Guidelines for the safe use Safe Use of wastewaterWastewater, excreta Excreta and greywater- Greywater. Volume 4: Excreta and greywater use Greywater Use in agricultureAgriculture. WHOWorld Health Organization, Geneva, CH. :Availableat: [http://www.who.int www.who.int]* General information about Oil drums and containers [http://www.gtz.de/ecosan www.gtz.de/ecosan ] [http://www.waste.nl www.waste.nl ]* The Philippines [http://www.caps.ph www.caps.ph ]* India [http://www.sulabhinternational.org www.sulabhinternational.org ]
===Acknowledgements===
{{:Acknowledgements Sanitation}}
