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Studies have shown that the HRT is the most important design parameter influencing filter performance. An HRT of 0.5 to 1.5 days is a typical and recommended. A maximum surface-loading (i.e. flow per area) rate of 2.8m/d has proven to be suitable. Suspended solids and BOD removal can be as high as 85% to 90% but is typically between 50% and 80%. Nitrogen removal is limited and normally does not exceed 15% in terms of total nitrogen (TN).
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- Requires constant source of water. <br> - Effluent require secondary treatment and/or appropriate discharge. <br> - Low reduction of pathogens and nutrients. <br> - Requires expert design and construction. <br> - Long start up time.
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==Adequacy==
==ReferencesAcknowledgements=={{:Acknowledgements Sanitation}}
* Morel, A. and Diener, S. (2006). Greywater Management in Low and Middle-Income Countries, Review of different treatment systems for households or neighbourhoods. Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), Dübendorf, Switzerland. (Short summary including case studies, page 28.)
