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Sanitation Portal

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{{Language-box|english_link=Sanitation Portal|french_link=Portail d'Hygiène|spanish_link=Portal de Saneamiento|hindi_link=coming soon|malayalam_link=coming soon|tamil_link=coming soon|korean_link=coming soon|chinese_link=coming soon|indonesian_link=coming soon|japanese_link=coming soon}}
[[Image:Sanitation4icons.png|right|100px]]
<small-title [[Image:akvopedia logo.png|right|100px|link=http:/> __NOTOC__/akvopedia.org/wiki/Main_Page]] 
This portal describes sanitation technologies which can be applied from the household level to the village level. A complete sanitation system does not consist of only one technology, but rather a chain of technologies, each taking care of a specific function, such as the toilet, transportation, and treatment. Each technology below is dedicated to one particular function in this chain. An [[#example|example]] is given at the end of this page.
Below, '''sanitation technologies''' are presented in different [[Functional Groups|functional groups]]: User interface (Toilets, urinals, handwashing), Collection and Storage / Local Treatment, Conveyance, (semi-) Centralized Treatment, and Use of products / disposal.
{| style="border: none; background-color: #efefef;" cellpadding="10"|[[Image:IRC new logo.png|center|30px|link=http://www.irc.nl/|]]|<font size="3">[[IRC Sanitation RSS feed]]</font>|}<font color="#454545">Jump to more [[#Sanitation links and resources Sanitation_jump | Sanitation links and resources]] below.</font>
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|- valign="top"
|align="center" width="20%" style="background:#efefef;" |<!-- Content Column 1 starts here -->
{|style="height:135px145px; background:#efefef"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_dry_toilet.png|alt=Dry Toilet|width=75|link=Dry Toilet}} <br> [[Dry Toilet]]
|}
{|style="height:135px145px; background:#efefef"|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_urine_diverting_dry_toilet.png|alt=Urine Diverting Dry Toilet|width=75|link=Urine Diverting Dry Toilet}} <br> [[Urine Diverting Dry Toilet|Urine Diverting <br>Dry Toilet]]
|}
{|style="height:135px145px; background:#efefef"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_urinal.png|alt=Urinal|width=75|link=Urinal}} <br> [[Urinal]]
|}
{|style="height:135px145px; background:#efefef"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_pour_flush_toilet.png|alt=Pour Flush Toilet|width=75|link=Pour Flush Toilet}} <br> [[Pour Flush Toilet]]
|}
{|style="height:135px145px; background:#efefef"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_cistern_flush_toilet.png|alt=Cistern Flush Toilet|width=75|link=Cistern Flush Toilet}} <br> [[Cistern Flush Toilet]]
|}
{|style="height:135px145px; background:#efefef"|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_urine_diverting_flush_toilet.png|alt=Urine Diverting Flush Toilet|width=75|link=Urine Diverting Flush Toilet}} <br> [[Urine Diverting Flush Toilet|Urine Diverting <br>Flush Toilet]]
|}
{|style="height:135px145px; background:#efefef"|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=communal latrine icon.png|alt=Communal Latrines|width=7585|link=Communal Latrines}} <br> [[Communal Latrines]]
|}
{|style="height:135px145px; background:#efefef"|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=toiletCommercial.png|alt=Commercial Toilets|width=85|link=Commercial Toilets}} <br> [[Commercial Toilets]]|}{|style="height:145px; background:#efefef"|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Pour_flush_slabs_icon.jpg|alt=Pour flush slabs|width=75|link=Pour flush slabs}} <br> [[Pour flush slabs|Pour flush slabs]]|}{|style="height:145px; background:#efefef"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=TippyTap_icon.png|alt=Tippy Tap|width=75|link=Tippy Tap}} <br> [[Tippy Tap|Hygiene - Tippy Tap]]
|}
{|style="height:135px; background:#efefef"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=toiletCommercial.png|alt=Commercial Toilets|width=85|link=Commercial Toilets}} <br> [[Commercial Toilets]]
|}
|align="center" width="20%" | <!-- Content Column 2 starts here -->
{|style="height:135px145px"|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_urine_storage_tank_container.png|alt=Urine Storage tankTank / Container|width=75|link=Urine Storage tanksTank / Container}} <br> [[Urine Storage tanksTank / Container | Urine Storage<br>Tank / Container]]
|}
{|style="height:135px145px"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_single_pit.png|alt=Single Pit|width=75|link=Single Pit}} <br> [[Single Pit]]
|}
{|style="height:135px145px"|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_single_ventilated_improved_pit.png|alt=Single Ventilated Improved Pit|width=75|link=Single Ventilated Improved Pit}} <br> [[Single Ventilated Improved Pit|Single Ventilated<br>Improved Pit]]
|}
{|style="height:135px145px"|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_double_ventilated_improved_pit.png|alt=Double Ventilated Improved Pit|width=75|link=Double Ventilated Improved Pit}} <br> [[Double Ventilated Improved Pit|Double Ventilated <br>Improved Pit]]
|}
{|style="height:135px145px"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_fossa_alterna.png|alt=Fossa Alterna|width=75|link=Fossa Alterna}} <br> [[Fossa Alterna]]
|}
{|style="height:135px145px"|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_twin_pits_for_pour_flush.png|alt=Twin Pits for Pour Flush|width=75|link=Twin Pits for Pour Flush}} <br> [[Twin Pits for Pour Flush|Twin Pits <br>for Pour Flush]]
|}
{|style="height:135px145px"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_dehydration_vault_2.png|alt=Dehydration Vaults|width=75|link=Dehydration Vaults}} <br> [[Dehydration Vaults]]
|}
{|style="height:135px145px"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_composting_chamber.png|alt=Composting Chamber|width=75|link=Composting Chamber}} <br> [[Composting Chamber]]
|}
{|style="height:135px145px"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_septic_tank_2.png|alt=Septic Tank|width=75|link=Septic Tank}} <br> [[Septic Tank]]
|}
{|style="height:135px145px"|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_anaerobic_baffled_reactor.png|alt=Anaerobic Baffled Reactor(ABR)|width=75|link=Anaerobic Baffled Reactor(ABR)}} <br> [[Anaerobic Baffled Reactor(ABR)|Anaerobic Baffled <br>Reactor (ABR)]]
|}
{|style="height:135px145px"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_anaerobic_filter.png|alt=Anaerobic Filter|width=75|link=Anaerobic Filter}} <br> [[Anaerobic Filter]]
|}
{|style="height:135px145px"|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_anaerobic_biogas_reactor.png|alt=Anaerobic Biogas Reactor|width=75|link=Anaerobic Biogas Reactor}} <br> [[Anaerobic Biogas Reactor]]
|}
<!-- Content Column 2 ends here -->
|align="center" width="20%" style="background:#efefef;"| <!-- Content Column 3 - Conveyance- starts here -->{|style="height:135px145px; background:#efefef"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_jerrycan_tank.png|alt=Jerrycan - tank|width=75|link=Jerrycan - tank}} <br> [[Jerrycan - tank]]
|}
{|style="height:135px145px; background:#efefef"|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_human_powered_emptying_and_transport.png|alt=Human-Powered Emptying and Transport|width=75|link=Human-Powered Emptying and Transport}} <br> [[Human-Powered Emptying and Transport|Human-Powered <br>Emptying and Transport]]
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{|style="height:135px145px; background:#efefef"|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_motorized_emptying_and_transport.png|alt=Motorized Emptying and Transport|width=75|link=Motorized Emptying and Transport}} <br> [[Motorized Emptying and Transport|Motorized Emptying <br>and Transport]]
|}
{|style="height:135px145px; background:#efefef"|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_simplified_sewers.png|alt=Simplified SewersSewer|width=75|link=Simplified SewersSewer}} <br> [[Simplified SewersSewer]]
|}
{|style="height:135px145px; background:#efefef"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_solids_free_sewer.png|alt=Solids-free Sewer|width=75|link=Solids-free Sewer}} <br> [[Solids-free Sewer]]
|}
{|style="height:135px145px; background:#efefef"|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_conventional_gravity_sewer.png|alt=Conventional Gravity Sewer|width=75|link=Conventional Gravity Sewer}} <br> [[Conventional Gravity Sewer|Conventional <br>Gravity Sewer]]
|}
{|style="height:135px145px; background:#efefef"|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_transfer_station_underground_holding_tank.png|alt=Transfer Station (Underground Holding Tank)|width=75|link=Transfer Station - Underground Holding Tank}} <br> [[Transfer Station - Underground Holding Tank|Transfer Station - <br>Underground Holding Tank]]
|}
{|style="height:135px145px; background:#efefef"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_sewer_discharge_station.png|alt=Sewer Discharge Station|width=75|link=Sewer Discharge Station}} <br> [[Sewer Discharge Station]]
|}
{|style="height:145px; background:#efefef"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Settled_sewerage_small_icon.jpg|alt=Settled sewerage (small diameter)|width=75|link=Settled sewerage (small diameter)}} <br> [[Settled sewerage (small diameter) | Settled sewerage<br> (small diameter)]]
|}
|align="center" width="20%" | <!-- Content Column 4 starts here -->
{|style="height:135px145px"|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_anaerobic_baffled_reactor.png|alt=(semiPre-) centralised Anaerobic Baffled ReactorTreatment Technologies|width=75|link=semi centralised Anaerobic Baffled ReactorPre-Treatment Technologies}} <br> [[Pre-Treatment Technologies|Pre-Treatment <br>Technologies]]|}{|style="height:145px"|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=settler icon.png|alt=Settler|width=75|link=Settler}} <br> [[semi centralised Anaerobic Baffled Reactor Settler]]
|}
{|style="height:135px145px"|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_anaerobic_filterImhoff icon.png|alt=(semi-) centralised Anaerobic FilterImhoff Tank|width=75|link=(semi-) centralised Anaerobic FilterImhoff Tank}} <br> [[(semi-) centralised Anaerobic Filter Imhoff Tank]]
|}
{|style="height:135px145px"|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_anaerobic_baffled_reactor.png|alt=Anaerobic Baffled Reactor (ABR)|width=75|link=Anaerobic Baffled Reactor (ABR)}} <br> [[Anaerobic Baffled Reactor (ABR)|Anaerobic Baffled <br>Reactor (ABR)]]|}{|style="height:145px"|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_anaerobic_filter.png|alt=Anaerobic Filter|width=75|link=Anaerobic Filter}} <br> [[Anaerobic Filter ]]|}{|style="height:145px"|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_anaerobic_filter.png|alt=Cocopeat biofilter secondary treatment system - School wastewater story from Philippines|width=75|link=Cocopeat biofilter secondary treatment system - School wastewater story from Philippines}} <br> [[Cocopeat biofilter secondary treatment system - School wastewater story from Philippines | Cocopeat biofilter <br>secondary treatment system]]|}{|style="height:145px"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_waste_stabilization_ponds.png|alt=Waste Stabilization Pond|width=75|link=Waste Stabilization Pond}} <br> [[Waste Stabilization Pond]]
|}
{|style="height:135px145px"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_aerated_pond.png|alt=Aerated Pond|width=75|link=Aerated Pond}} <br> [[Aerated Pond]]
|}
{|style="height:135px145px"|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_free-water_surface_constructed_wetland.png|alt=Free-Water Surface Constructed Wetland|width=75|link=Free-Water Surface Constructed Wetland}} <br> [[Free-Water Surface Constructed Wetland|Free-Water Surface <br>Constructed Wetland]]
|}
{|style="height:135px145px"|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_horizontal_subsurface_flow_constructed_wetland.png|alt=Horizontal Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetland|width=75|link=Horizontal Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetland}} <br> [[Horizontal Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetland|Horizontal Subsurface <br>Flow Constructed Wetland]]
|}
{|style="height:135px145px"|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_vertical_flow_constructed_wetland.png|alt=Vertical Flow Constructed Wetland|width=75|link=Vertical Flow Constructed Wetland}} <br> [[Vertical Flow Constructed Wetland|Vertical Flow <br>Constructed Wetland]]
|}
{|style="height:135px145px"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_trickling_filter.png|alt=Trickling Filter|width=75|link=Trickling Filter}} <br> [[Trickling Filter]]
|}
{|style="height:135px145px"|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_upflow_anaerobic_sludge_blanket_reactor.png|alt=Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor|width=75|link=Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor}} <br> [[Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor|Upflow Anaerobic <br>Sludge Blanket Reactor]]
|}
{|style="height:135px145px"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_activated_sludge.png|alt=Activated Sludge|width=75|link=Activated Sludge}} <br> [[Activated Sludge]]
|}
{|style="height:135px145px"|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_sedimentation_thickening_ponds.png|alt=Sedimentation - Thickening Ponds|width=75|link=Sedimentation - Thickening Ponds}} <br> [[Sedimentation - Thickening Ponds|Sedimentation - <br>Thickening Ponds]]
|}
{|style="height:135px145px"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_unplanted_drying_beds.png|alt=Unplanted Drying Beds|width=75|link=Unplanted Drying Beds}} <br> [[Unplanted Drying Beds]]
|}
{|style="height:135px145px"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_planted_drying_beds.png|alt=Planted Drying Beds|width=75|link=Planted Drying Beds}} <br> [[Planted Drying Beds]]
|}
{|style="height:135px145px"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_co-composting.png|alt=Co-composting|width=75|link=Co-composting}} <br> [[Co-composting]]
|}
{|style="height:135px145px"|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_anaerobic_biogas_reactor.png|alt=Anaerobic Biogas Reactor|width=75|link=Anaerobic Biogas Reactor}} <br> [[Anaerobic Biogas Reactor]]
|}
{|style="height:135px145px"|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_anaerobic_filter.png|alt=Tertiary Filtration and Disinfection|width=75|link=Tertiary Filtration and Disinfection}} <br> [[Tertiary Filtration and Disinfection|Tertiary Filtration <br>and Disinfection]]|} {|style="height:145px"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_anaerobic_biogas_reactor.png|alt=Struvite recovery|width=75|link=Struvite recovery}} <br> [[Struvite recovery]]
|}
|align="center" width="20%" style="background:#efefef;"| <!-- Content Column 5 starts here -->
{|style="height:135px145px; background:#efefef"|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_fill_and_cover_arborloo.png|alt=Fill and Cover - Arborloo|width=75|link=Fill and Cover - Arborloo}} <br> [[Fill and Cover - Arborloo|Fill and Cover <br>- Arborloo]]
|}
{|style="height:135px145px; background:#efefef"|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_application_of_urine.png|alt=Application of Stored Urine|width=75|link=Application of Stored Urine}} <br> [[Application of Stored Urine|Application of <br>Stored Urine]]
|}
{|style="height:135px145px; background:#efefef"|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_application_of_dehydrated_faeces.png|alt=Application of Dehydrated Faeces|width=75|link=Application of Dehydrated Faeces}} <br> [[Application of Dehydrated Faeces|Application of <br>Dehydrated Faeces]]
|}
{|style="height:135px145px; background:#efefef"|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_application_of_compost_eco_humus.png|alt=Application of Pit Humus and Compost - Eco-Humus|width=75|link=Application of Pit Humus and Compost - Eco-Humus}} <br> [[Application of Pit Humus and Compost - Eco-|Application of Pit <br>Humusand Compost]]
|}
{|style="height:135px145px; background:#efefef"|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=biogas_as_source_of_energy_iconIcon_land_application_of_sludge.jpgpng|alt=Biogas as source Application of energySludge|width=75|link=Biogas as source Application of energySludge}} <br> [[Biogas as source Application of energy|Biogas for energySludge]]
|}
{|style="height:135px145px; background:#efefef"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_irrigation.png|alt=Irrigation|width=75|link=Irrigation}} <br> [[Irrigation]]
|}
{|style="height:135px145px; background:#efefef"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_soak_pit.png|alt=Soak Pit|width=75|link=Soak Pit}} <br> [[Soak Pit]]
|}
{|style="height:135px145px; background:#efefef"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_leach_field.png|alt=Leach Field|width=75|link=Leach Field}} <br> [[Leach Field]]
|}
{|style="height:135px145px; background:#efefef"|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_aquaculture.png|alt=Aquaculture PondsFish Pond|width=75|link=Aquaculture PondsFish Pond}} <br> [[Aquaculture PondsFish Pond]]
|}
{|style="height:135px145px; background:#efefef"|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_floating_plant_macrophyte_pond.png|alt=Floating Plant - Macrophyte - Pond|width=75|link=Floating Plant - Macrophyte - Pond}} <br> [[Floating Plant - Macrophyte - Pond |Floating Plant (Macrophyte) Pond]]
|}
{|style="height:135px145px; background:#efefef"|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_water_disposal_groundwater_recharge.png|alt=Water Disposal - Groundwater Recharge|width=75|link=Water Disposal - Groundwater Recharge}} <br> [[Water Disposal - Groundwater Recharge|Water Disposal - <br>Groundwater Recharge]]
|}
{|style="height:135px145px; background:#efefef"|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_land_application_of_sludgeIcon_surface_disposal.png|alt=Land Application of SludgeSurface Disposal and Storage|width=75|link=Land Application of SludgeSurface Disposal and Storage}} <br> [[Land Application of SludgeSurface Disposal and Storage|Surface Disposal <br>and Storage]]
|}
{|style="height:135px145px; background:#efefef"|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_surface_disposalbiogas_as_source_of_energy_icon.jpg|alt=Biogas Combustion|width=75|link=Biogas Combustion}} <br> [[Biogas Combustion|Biogas Combustion]]|}{|style="height:145px; background:#efefef"|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_application_of_compost_eco_humus.png|alt=Surface DisposalProductive Sanitation & the Link to Food Security|width=75|link=Surface DisposalProductive Sanitation & the Link to Food Security}} <br> [[Surface DisposalProductive Sanitation & the Link to Food Security|Productive Sanitation<br> & the Link to <br>Food Security]]
|}
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<br>
===<div id="Sanitation links and resources">{{subst:anchor|Sanitation_jump}}Sanitation links and resources</div>===[[Image:san pack.png|thumb|right|200px|Photo: [http://www.washdocircwash.info/irc_wash_libraryorg/irc_sanitation_pack IRC]]]* [[Sustainable Sanitation & Groundwater Protection]]* [[Sanitation as a Business]]* [http://www.washdocircwash.infoorg/irc_wash_librarynews/irc_sanitation_pack sanitation-reference-package IRC Sanitation Pack] - IRC Sanitation Pack, SanPack for short, contains an overview of available methods, techniques and tools in a low-cost, non-sewered sanitation service model. The [http://www.washdocircwash.infoorg/irc_wash_librarynews/irc_sanitation_pack/organisation_of_sanpack_materials sanitation-reference-package materials] have been developed and used by IRC and its long-standing and more recent partners in the South and the North in some 20 countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America.
* For a helpful sourcebook in the training of professionals for the sanitation and water sector, browse or download the set of animated PowerPoints called [[Sustainable sanitation training material| Sustainable Sanitation]], by clicking the pink box below.
<br>
[[Image:sourcebook.png|none|170px250px|link=http://akvopedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_sanitation_training_material]]
<br>
===Sanitation systems ===
<div id* [[Sanitation Systems & Technology Options]]* [[The Functional Sanitation Ladder]]* [[Planning of Sustainable Sanitation for Cities]]  ===="example">'''Example'''...</div> ==== This is a complete sanitation system, which consists of a chain of technologies. Reading the icons in the illustration below from the left to the right we have a [[Urine Diverting Dry Toilet]] connecting to [[Storage tanks]], where the faeces are taken away through [[Human-Powered Emptying and Transport]] to be processed through [[Co-composting]] and then finally be used through [[Application of Compost - Eco-Humus]] and the [[Application of Urine]].
[[Image:sanitation_system_example.jpg]]
| '''1''' [[Single Pit System]]
| '''2''' [[Waterless System with Alternating Pits]]
| '''3''' [[Pour Flush Pit System with Twin Pitswithout Sludge Production]]
| '''4''' [[Waterless System with Urine Diversion]]
| '''5''' [[Biogas System]]| '''6''' [[Blackwater Treatment System with Infiltration]]| '''67''' [[Blackwater Treatment System with SewerageEffluent Transport]]| '''78''' [[Blackwater Transport to (Semi-) Centralized Treatment System]]| '''89''' [[Sewerage System with Urine Diversion]]
|}
<br>
 
=== Acknowledgements ===
* The majority of the material in this portal was adapted from: Tilley, E. et al. (2008). [http://www.eawag.ch/organisation/abteilungen/sandec/publikationen/publications_sesp/downloads_sesp/compendium_high.pdf Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies]. Eawag: The Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland.
* Currently, [http://www.waste.nl WASTE] is working on a Sanitation Decision Support tool, which will be integrated in this portal in the near future.
* [http://www.ircnwp.nl/page_docs/28448 SSS_2006.pdf Smart Sanitation Solutions] produced in collaboration with [http://www.nwp.nl Netherlands Water Partnership], [http://www.waste.nl WASTE], [http://www.practicafoundation.nl/ PRACTICA], [http://www.ircircwash.nl org/ IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre], SIMAWI [http://www.simavi.org SIMAVI] and [http://www.partnersforwaterpartnersvoorwater.nl/ Partners voor Water]
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