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'''Waste Stabilization Ponds (WSPs) are large, manmade water bodies. The ponds are filled with wastewater that is then treated by naturally occurring processes. The ponds can be used individually, or linked in a series for improved treatment. There are three types of ponds, (1) anaerobic, (2) facultative and (3) aerobic (maturation), each with different treatment and design characteristics.'''
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===Adequacy===
WSPs are among the most common and efficient methods of wastewater treatment around the world. They are especially appropriate for rural communities that have large, open unused lands, away from homes and public spaces. They are not appropriate for very dense or urban areas. WSPs work in most climates, but are most efficient in warm, sunny climates. In the case of cold climates, the retention times and loading rates can be adjusted so that efficient treatment can be achieved.
===Health Aspects/Acceptance===
Although effluent from aerobic ponds is generally low in pathogens, the ponds should in no way be used for recreation or as a direct source of water for consumption or domestic use.
===Upgrading===
Ideally, several aerobic ponds can be built in series to provide a high level of pathogen removal. A final aquaculture pond can be used to generate income and supply a locally grown food source.
===Maintenance===
To prevent scum formation, excess solids and garbage from entering the ponds, pre-treatment (with grease traps) is essential to maintain the ponds. The pond must be desludged once every 10 to 20 years. A fence should be installed to ensure that people and animals stay out of the area and excess garbage does not enter the ponds. Rodents may invade the berm and cause damage to the liner. Raising the water level should prompt rodents to evacuate the berm. Care should be taken to ensure that plant material does not fall into the ponds. Vegetation or macrophytes that are present in the pond should be removed as it may provide a breeding habitat for mosquitoes and prevent light from penetrating the water column.
===References===
* Arthur, JP. (1983). Notes on the Design and Operation of Waste Stabilization Ponds in Warm Climates of Developing Countries. The World Bank+ UNDP, Washington.
* von Sperlin, M. and de Lemos Chernicharo, CA. (2005). Biological Wastewater Treatment in Warm Climate Regions. Volume One. IWA, London. pp 495–656.
===Acknowledgements===
{{:Acknowledgements Sanitation}}
