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New page: <!-- table at top of page with logo, picture, Application level, Management level, and input-output tables --> {{santable| sys1=1| sys2=[[Waterless System with Alter...
<!-- table at top of page with logo, picture, Application level, Management level, and input-output tables -->
{{santable|
sys1=[[Single Pit System |1]]|
sys2=[[Waterless System with Alternating Pits |2]]|
sys3=[[Pour Flush System with Twin Pits |3]]|
sys4=[[ Waterless System with Urine Diversion|4]]|
sys5=[[Blackwater Treatment System with Infiltration|5]]|
sys6=|
sys7=|
sys8=|
pic=Human_powered_emptying_and_transport.png|
ApplHousehold=XX|
ApplNeighbourhood=XX|
ApplCity=|
ManHousehold=XX|
ManShared=XX|
ManPublic=XX|
Input1=Faecal Sludge|Input2=Dried Faeces |Input3=Compost/EcoHumus | Input4=Blackwater |Input5=|
Output1= Faecal Sludge |Output2= Dried Faeces | Output3= Compost/EcoHumus | Output4=Blackwater | Output5=
}}
'''Human-powered Emptying and Transport refers the different ways in which people can manually empty and/or transport sludge and septage.'''
Human-powered Emptying and Transport of pits and tanks can mean one of three things:
* using buckets and shovels;
* using a hand-pump specially designed for sludge (e.g. the Pooh Pump or the Gulper); and
* using a portable, manually operated pump (e.g. MAPET: Manual Pit Emptying Technology).
Some sanitation technologies can only be emptied manually, for example, the [[Fossa Alterna]] or [[Dehydration Vaults]]. These technologies must be emptied with a shovel because the material is solid and cannot be removed with a vacuum or a pump. When sludge is viscous or watery it should be emptied with a hand-pump, a MAPET or a vacuum truck, and not with buckets because of the high risk of collapsing pits, toxic fumes, and exposure to the unsanitized sludge. The type of emptying that can, and should be employed, is very specific to the technology that needs emptying.
Manual sludge pumps like the Pooh Pump or the Gulper are relatively new inventions and have shown promise as being low-cost, effective solutions for sludge emptying where, because of access, safety or economics, other sludge emptying techniques are not possible. The pump works on the same concept as a water pump: the handle is pumped, the liquid (sludge) rises up through the bottom of the pump and is forced out of a tap (sludge spout). Hand-pumps can be made locally with steels rods and valves in a PVC casing. The bottom of the pipe is lowered down into the pit/tank while the operator remains at the surface to operate the pump, thus removing the need for someone to enter the pit. As the operator pushes and pulls the handle, the sludge is pumped up through the main shaft and is then discharged through the V-shaped discharge spout. The sludge that is discharged can be collected in barrels, bags or carts, and removed from the site with little mess or danger to the operator.
A MAPET consists of a hand pump connected to a vacuum tank mounted on a pushcart. A hose is connected to the tank and is used to suck sludge from a pit. When the hand pump is turned, air is sucked out of the vacuum tank and sludge is sucked up into the tank. Depending on the consistency of the sludge, the MAPET can pump up to a height of 3m.
{{procontable | pro=
- Potential for local job and income generation. <br> - Gulper can be built and repaired with locally available materials. <br> - Low to moderate capital; variable operating costs depending on discharge point (sludge transport over 0.5km is impractical). <br> - Provides service to unsewered areas/communities. <br> - Easy to clean and reusable. | con=
- Spills may happen. <br> - Time consuming: can take several hours/days depending on the size of the pit. <br> - MAPET requires some specialized repair (welding).
}}
==Adequacy==
Hand-pumps are appropriate for areas that are either not served by vacuum trucks, where vacuumtruck emptying is too costly, or where narrow streets and poor roads may limit the ability of a vacuum truck to access the site. The hand-pump is a significant improvement over the bucket method and could prove to be a sustainable business opportunity in some regions. The MAPET is also well suited to dense, urban and informal settlements, although in both cases, the distance to a suitable sludge discharge point is a limiting factor. These technologies are more feasible when there is a [[Transfer Station (Underground Holding Tank)|Transfer Station]] or [[Sewer Discharge Station]] nearby. One government-run emptying programme implemented a manual emptying scheme with great success by providing employment to community members with adequate protection and an appropriate wage.
==Health Aspects/Acceptance==
Depending on cultural factors and political support, manual emptiers may be viewed as providing an important service to the community. Government-run programmes should strive to legitimize the work of the labourer and help improve the social climate by providing permits, licences and helping to legalize of the practice of manually emptying latrines. The most important aspect of manual emptying is ensuring that workers are adequately protected with gloves, boots, overalls and facemasks. Regular medical exams and vaccinations should be required for everyone working with sludge.
==Upgrading==
To save time, vacuum trucks can be used rather than manual labour if it is appropriate and/or available.
==Maintenance==
The MAPET and Sludge Pumps require daily maintenance (cleaning, repairing and desinfection). Workers that manually empty latrines should clean and maintain their protective clothing and tools to prevent contact with the sludge. If manual access to the contents of a pit require breaking open the slab, it may be more cost effective to use a Gulper to empty the latrine. The Gulper cannot empty the entire pit and therefore, emptying may be required more frequently (once a year), however, this may be a cheaper alternative than replacing a broken slab.
==References==
* Elizabeth Tilley et.al (2008). [http://www.eawag.ch/organisation/abteilungen/sandec/publikationen/publications_sesp/downloads_sesp/compendium_high.pdf Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies] ([http://www.eawag.ch/organisation/abteilungen/sandec/publikationen/publications_sesp/downloads_sesp/compendium_low.pdf low res version]). Department of Water and Sanitation in Development Countries ([http://www.sandec.ch/ Sandec]) at the Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag). (Provides a full overview of sanitation systems.)
* Eales, K. (2005). Bringing pit emptying out of the darkness: A comparison of approaches in Durban, South Africa, and Kibera, Kenya. Building partnerships for Development in Water and Sanitation, UK. Available: http://www.bpd-waterandsanitation.org (A comparison of two manual emptying projects.)
* Ideas at Work (2007). The ‘Gulper’ – a manual latrine/drain pit pump. Ideas at Work, Cambodia. Available: http://www.ideas-at-work.org
* Muller, M. and Rijnsburger, J. (1994). MAPET. Manual Pit-latrine Emptying Technology Project. Development and pilot implementation of a neighbourhood based pit emptying service with locally manufactured handpump equipment in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. 1988–1992. WASTE Consultants, Netherlands.
* Oxfam (n.d.). Manual Desludging Hand Pump (MDHP) Resources. Oxfam, UK. Available: http://desludging.org
* Pickford, J. and Shaw, R. (1997). Emptying latrine pits, Waterlines, 16(2): 15–18. (Technical Brief, No. 54). Available: http://www.lboro.ac.uk
* Sugden, S. (n.d.). Excreta Management in Unplanned Areas. London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK. Available: http://siteresources.worldbank.org
{{santable|
sys1=[[Single Pit System |1]]|
sys2=[[Waterless System with Alternating Pits |2]]|
sys3=[[Pour Flush System with Twin Pits |3]]|
sys4=[[ Waterless System with Urine Diversion|4]]|
sys5=[[Blackwater Treatment System with Infiltration|5]]|
sys6=|
sys7=|
sys8=|
pic=Human_powered_emptying_and_transport.png|
ApplHousehold=XX|
ApplNeighbourhood=XX|
ApplCity=|
ManHousehold=XX|
ManShared=XX|
ManPublic=XX|
Input1=Faecal Sludge|Input2=Dried Faeces |Input3=Compost/EcoHumus | Input4=Blackwater |Input5=|
Output1= Faecal Sludge |Output2= Dried Faeces | Output3= Compost/EcoHumus | Output4=Blackwater | Output5=
}}
'''Human-powered Emptying and Transport refers the different ways in which people can manually empty and/or transport sludge and septage.'''
Human-powered Emptying and Transport of pits and tanks can mean one of three things:
* using buckets and shovels;
* using a hand-pump specially designed for sludge (e.g. the Pooh Pump or the Gulper); and
* using a portable, manually operated pump (e.g. MAPET: Manual Pit Emptying Technology).
Some sanitation technologies can only be emptied manually, for example, the [[Fossa Alterna]] or [[Dehydration Vaults]]. These technologies must be emptied with a shovel because the material is solid and cannot be removed with a vacuum or a pump. When sludge is viscous or watery it should be emptied with a hand-pump, a MAPET or a vacuum truck, and not with buckets because of the high risk of collapsing pits, toxic fumes, and exposure to the unsanitized sludge. The type of emptying that can, and should be employed, is very specific to the technology that needs emptying.
Manual sludge pumps like the Pooh Pump or the Gulper are relatively new inventions and have shown promise as being low-cost, effective solutions for sludge emptying where, because of access, safety or economics, other sludge emptying techniques are not possible. The pump works on the same concept as a water pump: the handle is pumped, the liquid (sludge) rises up through the bottom of the pump and is forced out of a tap (sludge spout). Hand-pumps can be made locally with steels rods and valves in a PVC casing. The bottom of the pipe is lowered down into the pit/tank while the operator remains at the surface to operate the pump, thus removing the need for someone to enter the pit. As the operator pushes and pulls the handle, the sludge is pumped up through the main shaft and is then discharged through the V-shaped discharge spout. The sludge that is discharged can be collected in barrels, bags or carts, and removed from the site with little mess or danger to the operator.
A MAPET consists of a hand pump connected to a vacuum tank mounted on a pushcart. A hose is connected to the tank and is used to suck sludge from a pit. When the hand pump is turned, air is sucked out of the vacuum tank and sludge is sucked up into the tank. Depending on the consistency of the sludge, the MAPET can pump up to a height of 3m.
{{procontable | pro=
- Potential for local job and income generation. <br> - Gulper can be built and repaired with locally available materials. <br> - Low to moderate capital; variable operating costs depending on discharge point (sludge transport over 0.5km is impractical). <br> - Provides service to unsewered areas/communities. <br> - Easy to clean and reusable. | con=
- Spills may happen. <br> - Time consuming: can take several hours/days depending on the size of the pit. <br> - MAPET requires some specialized repair (welding).
}}
==Adequacy==
Hand-pumps are appropriate for areas that are either not served by vacuum trucks, where vacuumtruck emptying is too costly, or where narrow streets and poor roads may limit the ability of a vacuum truck to access the site. The hand-pump is a significant improvement over the bucket method and could prove to be a sustainable business opportunity in some regions. The MAPET is also well suited to dense, urban and informal settlements, although in both cases, the distance to a suitable sludge discharge point is a limiting factor. These technologies are more feasible when there is a [[Transfer Station (Underground Holding Tank)|Transfer Station]] or [[Sewer Discharge Station]] nearby. One government-run emptying programme implemented a manual emptying scheme with great success by providing employment to community members with adequate protection and an appropriate wage.
==Health Aspects/Acceptance==
Depending on cultural factors and political support, manual emptiers may be viewed as providing an important service to the community. Government-run programmes should strive to legitimize the work of the labourer and help improve the social climate by providing permits, licences and helping to legalize of the practice of manually emptying latrines. The most important aspect of manual emptying is ensuring that workers are adequately protected with gloves, boots, overalls and facemasks. Regular medical exams and vaccinations should be required for everyone working with sludge.
==Upgrading==
To save time, vacuum trucks can be used rather than manual labour if it is appropriate and/or available.
==Maintenance==
The MAPET and Sludge Pumps require daily maintenance (cleaning, repairing and desinfection). Workers that manually empty latrines should clean and maintain their protective clothing and tools to prevent contact with the sludge. If manual access to the contents of a pit require breaking open the slab, it may be more cost effective to use a Gulper to empty the latrine. The Gulper cannot empty the entire pit and therefore, emptying may be required more frequently (once a year), however, this may be a cheaper alternative than replacing a broken slab.
==References==
* Elizabeth Tilley et.al (2008). [http://www.eawag.ch/organisation/abteilungen/sandec/publikationen/publications_sesp/downloads_sesp/compendium_high.pdf Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies] ([http://www.eawag.ch/organisation/abteilungen/sandec/publikationen/publications_sesp/downloads_sesp/compendium_low.pdf low res version]). Department of Water and Sanitation in Development Countries ([http://www.sandec.ch/ Sandec]) at the Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag). (Provides a full overview of sanitation systems.)
* Eales, K. (2005). Bringing pit emptying out of the darkness: A comparison of approaches in Durban, South Africa, and Kibera, Kenya. Building partnerships for Development in Water and Sanitation, UK. Available: http://www.bpd-waterandsanitation.org (A comparison of two manual emptying projects.)
* Ideas at Work (2007). The ‘Gulper’ – a manual latrine/drain pit pump. Ideas at Work, Cambodia. Available: http://www.ideas-at-work.org
* Muller, M. and Rijnsburger, J. (1994). MAPET. Manual Pit-latrine Emptying Technology Project. Development and pilot implementation of a neighbourhood based pit emptying service with locally manufactured handpump equipment in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. 1988–1992. WASTE Consultants, Netherlands.
* Oxfam (n.d.). Manual Desludging Hand Pump (MDHP) Resources. Oxfam, UK. Available: http://desludging.org
* Pickford, J. and Shaw, R. (1997). Emptying latrine pits, Waterlines, 16(2): 15–18. (Technical Brief, No. 54). Available: http://www.lboro.ac.uk
* Sugden, S. (n.d.). Excreta Management in Unplanned Areas. London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK. Available: http://siteresources.worldbank.org
