Changes

Capital expenditure (CapEx) consists of expenses on hardware and software (see figure table 1). '''Capital expenditure hardware (CapEx hrd)''' includes expenditure on fixed assets as pumps, pipes, etc. and required equipment such as vehicles or offices to support the construction of water and sanitation systems prior to implementation of the service. '''Capital Expenditure software (CapEx Sft)''' includes the costs of one-off work with stakeholders prior to construction or implementation or extension of the service such as one-off training of pump mechanics or caretakers, community mobilisation or hygiene education.

'''Figure Table 1. Capital Expenditure (CapEx)'''

Based on research from the [[#WASHCost|WASHCost]] project, Capital Expenditure (CapEx) to provide a basic level of water service with a borehole and handpump (at 2011 prices) range from US$ 20 per person to just over US$ 60 per person (see figure 3table 2). For small schemes, including mechanised boreholes and piped supplies, the costs range from US$ 30 to just over US$ 130 per person. For intermediate and larger schemes benchmark capital costs vary widely from US$ 20 to US$ 152 per person.

'''Figure 3Table 2. Total Capital Expenditure per person for borehole and handpump, small schemes and intermediate to large schemes required for a basic level of service'''

The costs as shown in figure 3 table 2 (above) are based on the provision of a basic level of water service, as defined by WASHCost, it implies that the following criteria have been realised by the majority of the population in the service area: People access a minimum of 20 litres per person per day, of acceptable quality (judged by user perception and country standards) from an improved source which functions at least 350 days a year without a serious breakdown, spending no more than 30 minutes per day per round trip (including waiting time).

Based on research from the [[#WASHCost|WASHCost]] project, the minimum Capital Expenditure required to provide a basic level of sanitation service ranges from US$ 7 for a [[Single_Pit|basic pit latrine]] to US$ 36 (2011 prices) for a [[Single_Ventilated_Improved_Pit|Ventilated Pit Latrine (VIP)]] (see figure 4table 3).

'''Figure 4Table 3. Total Capital Expenditure per facility for traditional pit latrines, pit latrines pour- flush or septic tank required for a basic level of service'''

The costs as shown in figure 4 table 3 (above) are based on the provision of a basic level of sanitation service, as defined by WASHCost, which implies that all the following criteria have been realised by the majority of the population in the service area: At least some members of the household use a latrine with an impermeable slab at the house, in the compound or shared with neighbours. The latrine is clean even if it may require high user eff ort for pit emptying and other long term maintenance. The disposal of sludge is safe and the use of the latrine does not result in problematic environmental impact.

[[#WASHCost|WASHCost]] research indicated that in both Burkina Faso and Mozambique, higher levels of capital expenditure on sanitation services are found in the more densely populated peri-urban areas in comparison with rural areas (see figure 52) (Burr and Fonseca, 2011). A [[Single_Pit|slab latrine]] in Burkina Faso costs over three times as much in peri urban areas than in rural areas. All latrines costed in rural Mozambique are two to three times cheaper than their peri-urban equivalents.

'''Figure 52. Median capital expenditure on latrines in Burkina Faso, Ghana and Mozambique ( current cost US$ 2009)'''

In contrast, [[Single_Ventilated_Improved_Pit|Ventilated Pit Latrines (VIP)]] in Ghana are approximately 10% more expensive in rural areas than in small towns (see figure 52). Ventilated Pit Latrines (VIPs) costs in Burkina Faso are much higher than the found costs in neighbouring Ghana as well as in Mozambique. Ventilated Pit Latrines (VIPs) consistently cost between US$ 300 and US$ 600 to construct in Burkina, compared with average costs of between US$ 100 and US$ 250 in the other two countries. The occasional VIP in Ghana and Mozambique is of a comparable cost to those in Burkina Faso, but the majority cost three to four times less. The proportionally higher slab latrine costs in Burkina Faso reinforce the findings that the construction of latrines is generally more expensive here than in Mozambique.