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[[Image:sludge1.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[http://sanitationupdates.wordpress.com/2013/05/13/sri-lanka-new-partnership-tackles-fecal-sludge-management/ Sri Lanka: new partnership tackles fecal sludge management]. Photo: USAID]]
[[Image:sludge system.png|thumb|right|200px|BioTopp small-scale sewage plant with sludge settling system. (© Ökoservice), [http://www.bio-pro.de/standort/unternehmen_bw/index.html?lang=en&artikelid=de/artikel/02768/index.html Bio-pro.de]]]__NOTOC__ <small-title />
Sewer and/or latrine construction is not enough to control the public health and environmental hazards of excreta. Latrine and septic/interceptor tank contents are collectively referred to as '''fecal sludge''' and require attention before their emptying and release to the environment. In addition to the “usual” sewage sludge from municipal wastewater treatment plants, the collection treatment and disposal of sludge from on-site sanitation systems must also be considered.
Integrated sanitation planning also implies a need to look at cross-sectoral issues. In addition to the need to improve systems for excreta disposal, there is often a parallel need to improve systems for drainage and greywater disposal: many low-income communities are in low-lying areas that are prone to flooding, and problematic to serve because of high housing densities. A key question for integrated sanitation planning is whether it is more cost effective to design and install systems that have multiple functions, or to adapt separate systems for different types of waste management.
[[File:sludge graph.png|thumb|none|550px|Schematic summarising main options for FSM. Graph: [http://www.wsup.com/news/documents/FSM-in-UrbSanPlanning-WSUP-IWA-Discussion-Paper-for-AfricaSan3_000.pdf WSUP]]]
[[File:waste elim.png|thumb|none|550px|The Uniloo toilet and associated service model currently being developed by WSUP and Unilever. A key goal of the ongoing piloting is to access the extent to which this model can be market-driven along the length of the chain. Photo: [http://www.wsup.com/news/documents/FSM-in-UrbSanPlanning-WSUP-IWA-Discussion-Paper-for-AfricaSan3_000.pdf WSUP]]]
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# whether there is a need for a subsidy
Financial analysis of this type provides a firm basis for guiding and coordinating investment by municipal governments, national governments and donors; and provides a common framework so that different investments and interventions are coordinated in a logical manner. As part of its ongoing FSM work in five countries, [http://www.wsup.com/ WUSP] is currently developing an easy-to-use district-level tool called "Value-driven FSM", designed to assist municipal planners in making sanitation investment decisions. [http://www.iwahqiwa-network.org/1nb/home.html IWA] is likewise strongly committed to developing the capacity of sanitation planners, through a wide-ranging programme of publications, events, training activities and peer-to-peer knowledge transfer.
===FSM technologies: Solar steam sterilizer===
* [http://water.worldbank.org/shw-resource-guide/infrastructure/basic-choices/step-5 Choose Fecal Sludge Management Option]. The World Bank.
* [http://wsupwww.comsusana.org/en/resources/newslibrary/documentsdetails/FSM-in-UrbSanPlanning-WSUP-IWA-Discussion-Paper-for-AfricaSan3_000.pdf 1728 INTEGRATING FAECAL SLUDGE MANAGEMENT (FSM) INTO URBAN SANITATION PLANNING]: Discussion Paper1 for WSUP/IWA workshop at AfricaSan 3, Kigali 19th July 2011, 10:00-13:00. IWA / WSUP.
