Difference between revisions of "Fish Pond"
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| − | + | {|style="float: left;" | |
| − | {{ | + | |{{Language-box|english_link=Fish Pond|french_link=Bassins_d’aquaculture|spanish_link=Estanque_de_Acuacultura|hindi_link=coming soon|malayalam_link=coming soon|tamil_link=coming soon | korean_link=coming soon | chinese_link=Coming soon | indonesian_link=Coming soon | japanese_link=Coming soon}} |
| + | |} | ||
| + | {|width="100%" | ||
| + | |style="width:50%;"|{{santable_new| | ||
sys1=[[Single Pit System|1]]| | sys1=[[Single Pit System|1]]| | ||
| − | sys2=[[Blackwater Treatment System with Infiltration| | + | sys2=| |
| − | + | sys3=[[Blackwater Treatment System with Infiltration|6]]| | |
| − | + | sys4=[[Blackwater Treatment System with Effluent Transport|7]]| | |
| − | + | sys5=[[Blackwater Transport to (Semi-) Centralized Treatment System|8]]| | |
| − | + | sys6=[[Sewerage System with Urine Diversion|9]]| | |
sys7=| | sys7=| | ||
sys8=| | sys8=| | ||
| + | sys9=| | ||
pic=Aquaculture_ponds.png| | pic=Aquaculture_ponds.png| | ||
ApplHousehold=| | ApplHousehold=| | ||
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ManPublic=XX| | ManPublic=XX| | ||
Input1=Effluent |Input2= |Input3=| Input4=|Input5=| | Input1=Effluent |Input2= |Input3=| Input4=|Input5=| | ||
| − | Output1= | + | Output1=Biomass |Output2= | Output3= | Output4= | Output5= |
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}} | }} | ||
| + | |[[Image:Aquaculture_ponds.png |right|500px]] | ||
| + | |} | ||
| + | <br> | ||
| + | ---- | ||
| + | <br> | ||
| − | [[Image:Icon_aquaculture.png |right| | + | [[Image:Icon_aquaculture.png |right|80px]] |
| − | ''' | + | |
| + | '''Fish can be grown in ponds that receive effluent or sludge where they can feed on algae and other organisms that grow in the nutrient-rich water. The fish, thereby, remove the nutrients from the wastewater and are eventually harvested for consumption.''' | ||
Three kinds of aquaculture designs for raising fish exist: | Three kinds of aquaculture designs for raising fish exist: | ||
| − | * | + | * fertilization of fish ponds with effluent; |
| − | + | * fertilization of fish ponds with excreta/sludge; and | |
| − | * | + | * fish grown directly in [[Aerated Pond|aerobic ponds]] (T.5 or T.6). |
| − | + | Fish introduced into aerobic ponds can effectively reduce algae and help control the mosquito population. It is also possible to combine fish and [[Floating Plant Pond|floating plants]] (D.10) in one single pond. The fish themselves do not dramatically improve the water quality, but because of their economic value they can offset the costs of operating a treatment facility. Under ideal operating | |
| + | conditions, up to 10,000 kg/ha of fish can be harvested. If the fish are not acceptable for human consumption, they can be a valuable source of protein for other high-value carnivores (like shrimp) or converted into fishmeal for pigs and chickens. | ||
| − | When introducing nutrients in the form of effluent or sludge it is important to limit the additions | + | ===Design Considerations=== |
| + | The design should be based on the quantity of nutrients to be removed, the nutrients required by the fish and the water requirements needed to ensure healthy living conditions (e.g., low ammonium levels, required water temperature, etc.). When introducing nutrients in the form of effluent or sludge, it is important to limit the additions so that aerobic conditions | ||
| + | are maintained. BOD should not exceed 1 g/m2/d and oxygen should be at least 4 mg/L. | ||
| − | + | Only fish tolerant of low dissolved oxygen levels should be chosen. They should not be carnivores and they should be tolerant to diseases and adverse environmental conditions. Different varieties of carp, milkfish and tilapia have been successfully used, but the specific choice will depend on local preference and suitability | |
| + | <br> | ||
{{procontable | pro= | {{procontable | pro= | ||
| − | - Can provide a cheap, locally available protein source | + | - Can provide a cheap, locally available protein source <br> |
| − | + | - Potential for local job creation and income generation <br> | |
| + | - Relatively low capital costs; operating costs should be offset by production revenue <br> | ||
| + | - Can be built and maintained with locally available materials | ||
| + | | con= | ||
| + | - Requires abundance of freshwater <br> | ||
| + | - Requires a large land (pond) area <br> | ||
| + | - May require expert design and installation <br> | ||
| + | - Fish may pose a health risk if improperly prepared or cooked <br> | ||
| + | - Social acceptance may be low in some areas | ||
}} | }} | ||
| − | == | + | ===Appropriateness=== |
| + | A fish pond is only appropriate where there is a sufficient amount of land (or pre-existing pond), a source of fresh water and a suitable climate. The water used to dilute the waste should not be too warm, and the ammonium levels should be kept low or negligible because of its toxicity to fish. This technology is appropriate for warm or tropical climates with no freezing temperatures, and preferably with high rainfall and minimal evaporation. | ||
| − | + | ===Health Aspects/Acceptance=== | |
| + | Where there is no other source of readily available protein, this technology may be embraced. The quality and condition of the fish will also influence local acceptance. There may be concern about contamination of the fish, especially when they are harvested, cleaned and prepared. If they are cooked well, they should be safe, but it is advisable to move the fish to a clear-water pond for several weeks before they are harvested for consumption. WHO guidelines on wastewater and excreta use in aquaculture should be consulted for detailed information and specific guidance. | ||
| − | == | + | ===Operation & Maintenance=== |
| + | The fish need to be harvested when they reach an appropriate age/size. Sometimes after harvesting, the pond should be drained so that (a) it can be desludged and (b) it can be left to dry in the sun for 1 to 2 weeks to destroy any pathogens living on the bottom or sides of the pond. Workers should wear appropriate protective clothing. | ||
| − | + | ===References=== | |
| + | * Cross, P. and Strauss, M. (1985). [https://www.ircwash.org/sites/default/files/352.0-86HE-6547.pdf Health Aspects of Nightsoil and Sludge Use in Agriculture and Aquaculture]. International Reference Centre for Waste Disposal, Dübendorf, CH. | ||
| − | + | * Edwards, P. and Pullin, R. S. V. (Eds.) (1990). Wastewater-Fed Aquaculture. Proceedings: International Seminar on Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse for Aquaculture, Calcutta, IN. (Book compilation of topical papers) | |
| − | + | * Iqbal, S. (1999). [https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/3063 Duckweed Aquaculture. Potentials, Possibilities and Limitations for Combined Wastewater Treatment and Animal Feed Production in Developing Countries]. Eawag (Department Sandec), Dübendorf, CH. | |
| − | + | * Johnson Cointreau, S. (1987). [https://www.ircwash.org/sites/default/files/351.1-4910.pdf Aquaculture with Treated Wastewater: A Status Report on Studies Conducted in Lima, Peru. Technical Note No. 3, Integrated Resource Recovery Project]. The World Bank, Washington, D.C., US. 1987. | |
| − | |||
| − | + | * Joint FAO/NACA/WHO Study Group (1999). [https://www.who.int/foodsafety/publications/aquaculture/en/ Food Safety Issues Associated with Products from Aquaculture]. WHO Technical Report Series 883. World Health Organization, Geneva, CH. | |
| − | * | + | * Mara, D. D. (2003). [https://www.pseau.org/outils/ouvrages/earthscan_ltd_domestic_wastewater_treatment_in_developing_countries_2003.pdf Domestic Wastewater Treatment in Developing Countries]. Earthscan, London, UK. pp. 253-261. |
| − | * | + | * Rose, G. D. (1999). [https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/2997 Community-Based Technologies for Domestic Wastewater Treatment and Reuse: Options for Urban Agriculture]. International Development Research Centre (IDRC), Ottawa, CA. |
| − | * | + | * WHO (2006). [https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/gsuweg3/en/ Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater, Excreta and Greywater. Volume 3: Wastewater and Excreta Use in Aquaculture]. World Health Organization, Geneva, CH. |
| − | * | + | * [http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/guidelines-on-sanitation-and-health/en/ WHO: Guidelines on sanitation and health - 2018] |
| − | + | ===Acknowledgements=== | |
| − | + | {{:Acknowledgements Sanitation}} | |
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Latest revision as of 04:13, 25 April 2021
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Fish can be grown in ponds that receive effluent or sludge where they can feed on algae and other organisms that grow in the nutrient-rich water. The fish, thereby, remove the nutrients from the wastewater and are eventually harvested for consumption.
Three kinds of aquaculture designs for raising fish exist:
- fertilization of fish ponds with effluent;
- fertilization of fish ponds with excreta/sludge; and
- fish grown directly in aerobic ponds (T.5 or T.6).
Fish introduced into aerobic ponds can effectively reduce algae and help control the mosquito population. It is also possible to combine fish and floating plants (D.10) in one single pond. The fish themselves do not dramatically improve the water quality, but because of their economic value they can offset the costs of operating a treatment facility. Under ideal operating conditions, up to 10,000 kg/ha of fish can be harvested. If the fish are not acceptable for human consumption, they can be a valuable source of protein for other high-value carnivores (like shrimp) or converted into fishmeal for pigs and chickens.
Contents
Design Considerations
The design should be based on the quantity of nutrients to be removed, the nutrients required by the fish and the water requirements needed to ensure healthy living conditions (e.g., low ammonium levels, required water temperature, etc.). When introducing nutrients in the form of effluent or sludge, it is important to limit the additions so that aerobic conditions are maintained. BOD should not exceed 1 g/m2/d and oxygen should be at least 4 mg/L.
Only fish tolerant of low dissolved oxygen levels should be chosen. They should not be carnivores and they should be tolerant to diseases and adverse environmental conditions. Different varieties of carp, milkfish and tilapia have been successfully used, but the specific choice will depend on local preference and suitability
| Advantages | Disadvantages/limitations |
|---|---|
| - Can provide a cheap, locally available protein source - Potential for local job creation and income generation |
- Requires abundance of freshwater - Requires a large land (pond) area |
Appropriateness
A fish pond is only appropriate where there is a sufficient amount of land (or pre-existing pond), a source of fresh water and a suitable climate. The water used to dilute the waste should not be too warm, and the ammonium levels should be kept low or negligible because of its toxicity to fish. This technology is appropriate for warm or tropical climates with no freezing temperatures, and preferably with high rainfall and minimal evaporation.
Health Aspects/Acceptance
Where there is no other source of readily available protein, this technology may be embraced. The quality and condition of the fish will also influence local acceptance. There may be concern about contamination of the fish, especially when they are harvested, cleaned and prepared. If they are cooked well, they should be safe, but it is advisable to move the fish to a clear-water pond for several weeks before they are harvested for consumption. WHO guidelines on wastewater and excreta use in aquaculture should be consulted for detailed information and specific guidance.
Operation & Maintenance
The fish need to be harvested when they reach an appropriate age/size. Sometimes after harvesting, the pond should be drained so that (a) it can be desludged and (b) it can be left to dry in the sun for 1 to 2 weeks to destroy any pathogens living on the bottom or sides of the pond. Workers should wear appropriate protective clothing.
References
- Cross, P. and Strauss, M. (1985). Health Aspects of Nightsoil and Sludge Use in Agriculture and Aquaculture. International Reference Centre for Waste Disposal, Dübendorf, CH.
- Edwards, P. and Pullin, R. S. V. (Eds.) (1990). Wastewater-Fed Aquaculture. Proceedings: International Seminar on Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse for Aquaculture, Calcutta, IN. (Book compilation of topical papers)
- Iqbal, S. (1999). Duckweed Aquaculture. Potentials, Possibilities and Limitations for Combined Wastewater Treatment and Animal Feed Production in Developing Countries. Eawag (Department Sandec), Dübendorf, CH.
- Johnson Cointreau, S. (1987). Aquaculture with Treated Wastewater: A Status Report on Studies Conducted in Lima, Peru. Technical Note No. 3, Integrated Resource Recovery Project. The World Bank, Washington, D.C., US. 1987.
- Joint FAO/NACA/WHO Study Group (1999). Food Safety Issues Associated with Products from Aquaculture. WHO Technical Report Series 883. World Health Organization, Geneva, CH.
- Mara, D. D. (2003). Domestic Wastewater Treatment in Developing Countries. Earthscan, London, UK. pp. 253-261.
- Rose, G. D. (1999). Community-Based Technologies for Domestic Wastewater Treatment and Reuse: Options for Urban Agriculture. International Development Research Centre (IDRC), Ottawa, CA.
- WHO (2006). Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater, Excreta and Greywater. Volume 3: Wastewater and Excreta Use in Aquaculture. World Health Organization, Geneva, CH.
Acknowledgements
The material on this page was adapted from:
Elizabeth Tilley, Lukas Ulrich, Christoph Lüthi, Philippe Reymond and Christian Zurbrügg (2014). Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies, published by Sandec, the Department of Water and Sanitation in Developing Countries of Eawag, the Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland.
The 2nd edition publication is available in English. French and Spanish are yet to come.
