Difference between revisions of "河床人工井"

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(干旱)
(Construction, operations and maintenance)
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更多关于治理干旱的信息,请查看: [[Resilient WASH systems in drought-prone areas|易干旱地区具有适应性的 WASH 系统]]。
 
更多关于治理干旱的信息,请查看: [[Resilient WASH systems in drought-prone areas|易干旱地区具有适应性的 WASH 系统]]。
  
===Construction, operations and maintenance===
+
===修建、运作和维护===
[[Image:RiverbedWellWithHandpump.jpg|thumb|right|200px| Riverbed well with offset handpump. Eric Fewster, BushProof. <br> (Click image to zoom.)]]
+
[[Image:RiverbedWellWithHandpump.jpg|thumb|right|200px| 配有手泵的河床井. Eric Fewster, BushProof. <br> (点击图片放大)]]
[[Image:NewRiverbedWell.jpg|thumb|right|200px| New riverbed well. The new well's ''hydro dynamic'' design means it won't be washed away or destroyed by fast flowing rivers during the rainy season. These wells provide cleaner, fresher water, and are safer than climbing into unprotected holes. They are time saving too as traditional wells have to be re-dug each dry season. Photo: Jane Beesley.]]
+
[[Image:NewRiverbedWell.jpg|thumb|right|200px| 新河床井。新水井的水动力设计说明即使在雨季,水井也不会被流速快的河流冲刷走或毁坏。水井中的水比没有受到保护的洞中的水更加干净,并且取水方式更加安全。这种方式比传统的方式更节约时间,因为不用每到旱季就重新挖一次. 图片来源: Jane Beesley.]]
  
'''General advice on cement''': A common cause of cracks in structures and linings (e.g. in tanks, dams, waterways, wells) is errors in mixing and applying the cement. First of all, it is important that only pure ingredients are used: clean water, clean sand, clean rocks. The materials have to be mixed very thoroughly. Secondly, the amount of water during mixing needs to minimal: the concrete or cement needs to be just workable, on the dry side even, and not fluid. Thirdly, it is essential that during curing the cement or concrete is kept moist at all times, for at least a week. Structures should be covered with plastic, large leaves or other materials during the curing period, and kept wet regularly.
+
'''关于水泥的建议''': 建筑和隔板(例如水箱、大坝、水道和水井)出现裂缝的常见原因是在混合和使用水泥时出错。首先,很重要的一点是使用的成分一定要纯:干净的水、沙子和岩石,这些成分必须充分混合。第二,混合时使用的水尽量少:混凝土或水泥成形即可,宁可干点,也不要成为液体。第三,在固化过程中混凝土或水泥需要保持一定的水分,至少维持一周。同时,在固化过程中应该用塑料、大树叶或其他材料覆盖在引水建筑物上以保持水分。
  
'''Specific advice''':
+
'''具体建议''':
Simplify construction methods while getting a more robust end product in a safer fashion. Pre-cast concrete rings can be used, but is more easily done with a cutting foundation ring and curved concrete blocks, some of which are made from porous concrete.
+
修建方式更为简单安全,质量更加坚固。可使用预制的混凝土环,但使用切割底垫圈和弯道砖会更加容易,有些由透水混凝土制成。
  
Ensure that wells are dug deep enough to allow enough flow during the dry season.
+
请确保水井足够深,才能在旱季也有足够的水量。
  
For sand rivers that have a significant clay content, permeability will be low, and yields will also be low. Increased flow velocity into the well can be created by making a large gravel pack around the well shaft – this gravel pack consists of aggregate and stones (rather than the traditional type of small diameter gravel pack used in boreholes).
+
对于有大量泥土的沙河而言,渗透性很差,储水量也不多。在井身周围制作大量的砾石过滤层可加快水流入水井的速度。砾石过滤层由集料和石头组成(与井眼中使用的传统小型砾石过滤层不同)。
  
For where the well is made within or partially within a riverbed where it will be flooded or have floodwater beside or close to it:
+
对于完全在河床(会遭遇洪水或邻近洪水)中或者部分在河床中的水井而言:
* The well shaft can be made so that it is buried within the sand, and is uncovered after each flood event for access to the water. A slab is made to cover the top ring and a manhole access cover is created for dry season access but which can be closed during a flood event. In such a case:
+
* 可制作井身,因此井身会掩埋在沙子下面,并在每次洪水之后暴露出来,由此获取水。可使用厚板覆盖混凝土环顶端,并在旱季使用检查井的检修盖,在雨季将其关闭。在这样的情况下:
**The top of the ring should be ideally 1.5 metres minimum from the riverbed surface. This is so that:  
+
**混凝土环的顶部最好离河床1.5米,因此:  
# There is at least a minimum of infiltration that occurs from surface water during the wet season when the river is flooded
+
# 雨季发生洪水时,表面至少仍有少量的水渗入。
# That there is less chance that the well shaft and pipework will be washed away in a flood event. Sand becomes mobile to a certain depth which differs for different rivers but has been recorded to be normally between 0.66 and 2 metres in seasonal riverbeds.  
+
# 在洪水来临的时候,井身和管道被冲刷走的几率降低。不同河流中的沙子深度不同,但记录显示在季节性河流中通常在0.66至2米之间。
* The well shaft can also be made so that it protrudes from the riverbed sand level. A slab is made to cover the top ring and a manhole access cover is installed for dry season access. In such a case:
+
* 也可以修建井身使其高于河床沙子。可使用厚板覆盖混凝土环的顶部,并在旱季使用检查井的检修盖。在这样的情况下:
** The well shaft needs to be protected – a hydrodynamic well head should be constructed to minimize damage from floodwater and the debris it contains. This well head has a shape of an upturned boat which deflects water and debris in the floodwater. The manhole cover opens in the upstream direction so that it closes when the floods arrive.
+
** 需要保护井身,应该修建水动力的井口装置,以便减小洪水及其碎片的破坏力。井口装置形状如同倒扣的船,这样可以引开洪水和碎片。检查井的井盖在逆流方向将打开,因此在洪水来临时会闭合。
** Such a construction is probably best suited to riverbeds of low porosity and permeability where sediments have some stability and little is transported in floodwater, otherwise damage to the well could easily take place.
+
** 这可能最适合少孔和渗透性差的河床,沉淀物不会被洪水冲走,否则水井很容易遭到破坏。
  
The use of porous concrete in part of the section of the well shaft which is underwater can help increase flow velocity into the well. Porous concrete is made using a of 1 : 1 : 4 (cement : sand : aggregate) and can be used for curved blocks or also for a central portion of any pre-cast concrete ring. Also perforated pointed steel pipes can be driven horizontally into the aquifer using a jack – this can also increase flow velocity into the well.
+
在井身水下部分使用透水混凝土可以帮助加快流入水井的水流速度。透水混凝土由混凝土、泥沙和集料按照1:1:4的比例制成,并可用作弯道砖或任何预制混凝土环的中间部分。并且可使用千斤顶将多孔尖头钢管水平插入含水层,这也可以加快水流入水井的速度。
  
 
===Manuals, videos and links===
 
===Manuals, videos and links===

Revision as of 08:47, 15 November 2015

Riverbed hand dug well.png
位于河床的人工井必须配有井口装置(如苏丹使用的水动力井口装置),以防止洪水来袭时井身充满沙子。形状为楔形,可分散洪水的冲击力。© E. Nissen-Petersen, 肯尼亚.

这些浅井从河床中天然或人工含水层中抽取水。最简单的就是每到旱季在河床中挖一个浅层洞,每次发洪水时河床就会被淹。使用其他方式时,可通过手泵小型高效电动泵在全年都能获取水资源。可使用水桶和绳子,但是会增加污染的风险。因此,应该提倡使用家用水处理。

适宜条件

  • 水井应该建在一年中有一段时间干旱的河床上,这样才能进行施工。
  • 即使在旱季,河床中也应该有水。
  • 如果挖取水井目的是使用手动或电动方式抽取水,根据水泵要求最好将水井建在:
  1. 水泵30米范围内。
  2. 在河堤较矮及洪水最高高度也不及河堤的地方。因此仍可以使用真空泵,并能有效抽取6-7米高的水。


优势 劣势
- 从河床而不是通过河堤取水(承压含水层中水在河床)

- 由于需要的衬砌数量减少,因此比在河床修建衬砌井费用更低
- 与衬砌井相比,修建速度更快,费用更低
- 与深水井相比,更加安全

- 由于地表水与取水口之间的渗透深度有限,可能导致水受到污染

- 可能很难下沉到理想的深度,尤其是在流沙地区


应对环境变化的适应性

干旱

干旱的后果: 可能干涸

潜在的原因: 由于降雨减少,含水层的补给也变少;人口增加,用水需求也增加;含水层的面积——例如沙量有限;水井在地下水位中不够深;位置不当;管道周围的级配砾石分布不当。

增加 WASH 系统的适应性: 通过修建地下水坝增加水量;将水井和管道放置在更深的地方;在水位范围内沉箱时使用排水井;在旱季后半段修建;在一年中部分时间干旱的河床中修建,并且河床在旱季时也有水;通过将透水混凝土和多孔尖头钢管水平插入含水层(河床水井)和级配砾石(渗水渠和射流井)中增加流量;在没有沉积(渗水渠)的退化河中修建;在管道周围铺设级配砾石,减少淤积并增加流量。


更多关于治理干旱的信息,请查看: 易干旱地区具有适应性的 WASH 系统

修建、运作和维护

配有手泵的河床井. Eric Fewster, BushProof.
(点击图片放大)
新河床井。新水井的水动力设计说明即使在雨季,水井也不会被流速快的河流冲刷走或毁坏。水井中的水比没有受到保护的洞中的水更加干净,并且取水方式更加安全。这种方式比传统的方式更节约时间,因为不用每到旱季就重新挖一次. 图片来源: Jane Beesley.

关于水泥的建议: 建筑和隔板(例如水箱、大坝、水道和水井)出现裂缝的常见原因是在混合和使用水泥时出错。首先,很重要的一点是使用的成分一定要纯:干净的水、沙子和岩石,这些成分必须充分混合。第二,混合时使用的水尽量少:混凝土或水泥成形即可,宁可干点,也不要成为液体。第三,在固化过程中混凝土或水泥需要保持一定的水分,至少维持一周。同时,在固化过程中应该用塑料、大树叶或其他材料覆盖在引水建筑物上以保持水分。

具体建议: 修建方式更为简单安全,质量更加坚固。可使用预制的混凝土环,但使用切割底垫圈和弯道砖会更加容易,有些由透水混凝土制成。

请确保水井足够深,才能在旱季也有足够的水量。

对于有大量泥土的沙河而言,渗透性很差,储水量也不多。在井身周围制作大量的砾石过滤层可加快水流入水井的速度。砾石过滤层由集料和石头组成(与井眼中使用的传统小型砾石过滤层不同)。

对于完全在河床(会遭遇洪水或邻近洪水)中或者部分在河床中的水井而言:

  • 可制作井身,因此井身会掩埋在沙子下面,并在每次洪水之后暴露出来,由此获取水。可使用厚板覆盖混凝土环顶端,并在旱季使用检查井的检修盖,在雨季将其关闭。在这样的情况下:
    • 混凝土环的顶部最好离河床1.5米,因此:
  1. 雨季发生洪水时,表面至少仍有少量的水渗入。
  2. 在洪水来临的时候,井身和管道被冲刷走的几率降低。不同河流中的沙子深度不同,但记录显示在季节性河流中通常在0.66至2米之间。
  • 也可以修建井身使其高于河床沙子。可使用厚板覆盖混凝土环的顶部,并在旱季使用检查井的检修盖。在这样的情况下:
    • 需要保护井身,应该修建水动力的井口装置,以便减小洪水及其碎片的破坏力。井口装置形状如同倒扣的船,这样可以引开洪水和碎片。检查井的井盖在逆流方向将打开,因此在洪水来临时会闭合。
    • 这可能最适合少孔和渗透性差的河床,沉淀物不会被洪水冲走,否则水井很容易遭到破坏。

在井身水下部分使用透水混凝土可以帮助加快流入水井的水流速度。透水混凝土由混凝土、泥沙和集料按照1:1:4的比例制成,并可用作弯道砖或任何预制混凝土环的中间部分。并且可使用千斤顶将多孔尖头钢管水平插入含水层,这也可以加快水流入水井的速度。

Manuals, videos and links

  • Well revival effort sees many other benefits A community drive to revive wells in Mokhla talab near Udaipur results in water security for longer periods of time as well as making leaders out of women.
  • Experiments with 'community wells' Mobilized farmers in Dhule, Maharashtra, show how communities can use groundwater as a common resource in an organised and collective manner.
  • Water from dry riverbeds. Advises how to survey a river and much more. Danish International Development Assistance (Danida). 2006.
  • Hand-dug well equipment. Covering well auger survey, well digging, dewatering and desludging kits. Oxfam Water Supply Scheme for Emergencies.

Acknowledgements