Drilling or digging

Access to groundwater is not always easy, so many different types of drilling mechanisms (ranging in depth capacity and costs) are covered in this section. Africa, for example, is said to have rich amounts of groundwater, as compared with other continents. That said, machine-drilled wells are often too expensive for most of the population. Drilling ‘shallow’ wells (up to 35 meter depth) by hand, reduces the price of a well by a factor 4 to 10 compared to a machine-drilled borehole. This cost reduction enables NGOs and Governments to construct more water wells, but also ‘opens the door’ to villagers, farmers, schools and small communities to have a well constructed independently through the private sector.

Climate change considerations
With climate change events, such as drought, some areas of groundwater may be drying up, therefore deeper boreholes and wells may need to be drilled (creating greater expense). Since some aquifers will provide less water in times of drought, perched aquifers (aquifers higher than the water table) should be avoided. Coastal aquifers may get invaded by saline waters, therefore be sure to check water quality.

Manual drilling


Hand auger - general	Hand auger - Vonder rig	Hand auger - driven wells	Percussion - general	Percussion - Stone hammer


Infiltration wells	Jetting - general	Jetting - EMAS method	Jetting - Engine powered rotary jetting]	Sludging - Rota sludge


Sludging - Baptist method	Sludging - Asian sludge	Traditional hand-dug wells	Riverbed hand-dug wells	Riverbed jetted and driven wells


Rooted Reservoir Well	Bamboo screens