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Budidaya Kelapa Sawit Berkelanjutan / Penanaman tanaman penutup tanah

475 bytes added, 12:40, 24 December 2017
→‎Waktu pelaksanaan
===Waktu pelaksanaan===
* At plantingPada saat proses tanam, or at the start of the rehabilitation processatau di awal proses rehabilitasi, after the noxious weeds have been removedsetelah pembasmian gulma yang merugikan* '''NotTidak''' during very strong rain or during the dry periodpada saat puncak musim hujan ataupun saat puncak musim kemarau
===FrequencyFrekuensi===* Establishment of legume cover crop: once in the plantation lifetimePengadaan tanaman polongan sebagai penutup tanah, dilakukan hanya satu kali di sepanjang umur perkebunan* Maintenance of weed cover: every six monthsPerawatan tanaman penutup tanah setiap 6 bulan sekali
===Labour time requiredKebutuhan waktu tenaga kerja===* Corrective phosphate applicationPerbaikan aplikasi fosfat: 1 day sehari per hectarehektar* Sowing legume cover crops or introducing soft weedsPenaburan bibit tanaman polongan penutup tanah atau gulma lunak lainnya: 1—4 hours 1-4 jam per hectarehektar, depending on the extent of bare soiltergantung dari luasnya lahan yang terbuka* Slashing of inter-row vegetationMemangkas vegetasi di area gawangan: half a day setengah hari per hectarehektar
===Equipment and materialsPeralatan dan perlengkapan===• Phosphate fertiliserPupuk fosfat: 500—1000 500–-1000 kg/ha• Fertiliser measuring cupCangkir/bucketember takar untuk pupuk• Bush knifeParang• Cover plant seedsBenih tanaman penutup tanah: usually 1—2 biasanya diperlukan 1 – 2 gram per 10 square meters meter persegi (1—2 1-2 kg per hectarehektar) :: - ''Calopogonium caeruleum'': 1—1.5 kg per hectare hektar <ref>Tropical Forages, Calopogonium caeruleum, http://www.tropicalforages.info/key/Forages/Media/Html/Calopogonium_caeruleum.htm, Accessed September 2013.</ref>:: - ''Calopogonium mucunoides'': 1—3 kg per hectare hektar <ref>Tropical Forages, Calopogonium mucunoides, http://www.tropicalforages.info/key/Forages/Media/Html/Calopogonium_mucunoides.htm, Accessed September 2013.</ref>:: - ''Pueraria phaseloides'' (also known as juga dikenal sebagai ''Pueraria javanica''): 3—4 kg per hectare hektar <ref>Tropical Forages, Pueraria phaseoloides, http://www.tropicalforages.info/key/Forages/Media/Html/Pueraria_phaseoloides.htm, Accessed September 2013.</ref>:: - ''Mucuna bracteata'': 200—300 g per hectare hektar <ref>Covercrops.org, 2014, Mucuna bracteata, Nadampadom Rubber Estate, Kerala, India, http://www.covercrops.org/mucunabracteata.php, Accessed September 2013.</ref>
[[Image:oil-palm-3.5-figure14.png|thumb|right|200px|Figure 14: Mature plantation with a vigorous cover of ''Calopogonium caeruleum'']]
[[Image:oil-palm-3.5-figure15.png|thumb|right|200px|Figure 15: Good cover of soft weeds (''Nephrolepis'' ferns)]]
===WhoTenaga kerja===Farmers and their families or hired labourersPetani dan keluarganya atau karyawan harian lepas
===HowCara pelaksanaan=======Application of phosphate fertilisersAplikasi pupuk fosfat====
If there are many noxious weeds in the plantation Jika terdapat banyak gulma merugikan di areal perkebunan (alang-alang,''melastoma'', ''dicranopteris'') the soil is likely to be phosphorusmaka kualitas tanah akan mengalami defisiensi-deficientfosfor. Beneficial weeds such as ferns and legumes grow better in phosphorusGulma yang menguntungkan semacam pakis dan polongan dapat tumbuh lebih baik di tanah yang kaya-rich soilsfosfor.
To help the good weeds grow and reduce the growth of noxious weeds it is useful to apply phosphate fertilisers as followsUntuk membantu pertumbuhan gulma baik dan mengurangi pertumbuhan gulma merugikan, maka penggunaan pupuk fosfat akan sangat berguna dengan penghitungan berikut:
* 500 kg/ha soluble pupuk P fertilisers cair (TSP, SP—36)* 500—1000 kg/ha reactive rock phosphatereaktif
Spread the Semprotkan secara merata pupuk P fertiliser evenly throughout the plantationke seluruh areal perkebunan, mostly in the inter-row and over the frond stackkhususnya pada bagian gawangan dan gawangan mati.
====Establishing legume cover plants or other soft weedsMenanam tanaman polongan penutup tanah atau gulma lunak lainnya====
<font color="#72CDFF>Table Tabel 3: List of the most common legume cover crops and some of their properties Daftar tanaman polongan penutup tanah yang paling umum digunakan di perkebunan dan beberapa sifat-sifatnya <ref>Sime Darby, Leguminous Cover Crop Seeds, Sime Darby Agro-Bio Sdn Bhd, Subang Jaya, Malaysia</ref></font>
{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5"
! width="15%" style="background:#efefef;" align="center" | NameNama! width="15%" style="background:#efefef;" align="center" | Shade tolerance'''Toleransi Terhadap Keteduhan'''! width="35%" style="background:#efefef;" align="center"| Sowing practicesCara penebaran benih! width="20%" style="background:#efefef;" align="center"| Other propertiesSifat lainnya
|-
|''Calopogonium caeruleum''
|Very tolerantSangat toleran|Needs scarificationMemerlukan skarifikasi|Very productive; tolerant of heavy shadeSangat produktif, toleran terhadap lokasi dengan tingkat keteduhan tinggi; [http://akvopedia.org/sandbox/File:Oil-palm-3.5-figure14.png Figure Gambar 14]
|-
|''Mucuna bracteata''
|TolerantToleran|Needs to be sown in a seedbed and then plantedMemerlukan proses persemaian dan kemudian ditaman; benefits from inoculationkeuntungan dari proses inokulasi|Good N fixation; good soil cover; prevents soil erosion Pengikat unsur Nitrogen yang baik, penutup tanah yang baik, mencegah erosi tanah
|-
|''Calopogonium mucunoides''
|Somewhat tolerantCukup toleran|Needs scarificationMemerlukan skarifikasi|Pioneer speciesSpesies pionir; short life spanrentang hidupnya pendek
|-
|''Pueraria phaseloides''
|Somewhat tolerantCukup toleran|Needs scarificationMemerlukan skarifikasi|Grows quickly; very palatable for livestockPertumbuhannya cepat, sangat bisa dikonsumsi untuk ternak
|}
Legume cover crops are best sown at the time of land preparationTanaman polongan penutup tanah paling baik ditanam pada masa persiapan lahan, when all the other weeds have been clearedsaat semua gulma yang ada telah dibersihkan. If there are many weedsJika di areal tersebut masih terdapat banyak gulma, then the legumes may still growtanaman ini akan masih bisa tumbuh, but selective weeding will become very difficultnamun penyiangan selektif gulma akan menjadi sangat sulit. In plantations where clear-weeding was a Di areal perkebunan dimana pembersihan gulma menjadi hal yang normal practice, legume cover crops can be sown directly after sprayingtanaman polongan penutup tanah bisa langsung ditanam setelah proses penyemprotan. For sowing or planting legume cover cropsUntuk proses penaburan atau penanaman benih tanaman penutup tanah ini, follow the steps belowikuti langkah-langkah di bawah ini:
{| style="border: 1px solid #72CDFF" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
|width="15%" valign="top"|'''Step Langkah 1.'''
|Select the appropriate legume cover crop (see Table 3). They can also be mixed to increase the chances of successful establishment.
|-
|width="15%" valign="top" style="background:#f0f8ff;" |'''Step Langkah 2.'''
|style="background:#f0f8ff;" |Scarify the seeds, if necessary. Scarification is required to remove the hard outside of the seeds, so that the seeds can germinate faster and simultaneously. Scarification can be done mechanically (with sandpaper), by using 70% sulphuric acid or by using hot water <ref>P.J. Argel, C.J. Paton, Overcoming legume hardseededness, in: Forage Seed Production, Volume 2, CABI Publishing, Wallingford, 1999, pp. 247—265.</ref>. The sulphuric acid method is the most common and the most effective one, but the acid may not be widely available and is a dangerous chemical, which is also difficult to dispose of after use. Therefore the mechanical scarification or the hot water treatment are recommended.
For mechanical scarification, use the following approach:
The optimum temperature and soaking time vary from species to species; if the germination is not good, then it is recommended to try different temperatures and find out what works best
|-
|width="15%" valign="top"|'''Step Langkah 3.'''
|Broadcast the seeds in the plantation, on bare soil or in an area that was recently weeded. Start with a small area to see if the legumes are able to establish effectively.
|}
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