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Created page with "80px 正在搭建三脚架钻井机 __NOTOC__ <small-title /> 三脚架钻井机是一..."
[[Image:drilling icon.png|right|80px]]
[[Image:Vonder rig in action.jpg|thumb|right|200px|正在搭建三脚架钻井机]]
__NOTOC__ <small-title />
三脚架钻井机是一种[[Hand auger - general|手钻]]的方式，它包含重型三脚架、绞车和工作台。这种方式在津巴布韦和非洲撒哈拉以南地区广泛使用。切削刀具（钻头）通过旋转钻入地下，然后抽出并去除挖出物。重复操作直到达到了理想的深度。
三脚架钻井机在80年代初期被发明，并在津巴布韦进行制造。
===适宜条件===
三脚架钻井机适合疏松地层，如泥沙和软土。而硬土、硬材料和砂砾不容易或不可能凿穿或移动（除非联合使用螺旋钻和[[percussion - general|冲击钻]]).
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="center"
|-
! width="50%" style="background:#efefef;" | Advantages
! style="background:#f0f8ff;" | Disadvantages
|-
| valign="top" | - Vonder rig ensures a straight borehole<br>
| valign="top" | - Tools for vonder rig are more expensive than conventional hand augering tools<br>
- Slow compared with other methods <br>
|}
===Construction, operations and maintenance===
[[Image:Diagram of a vonder rig.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Diagram of a vonder rig. Credit: WEDC.]]
The Vonder rig makes use of a tripod and working table and is therefore more expensive than the conventional augering tools. However, use of the worktable and tripod ensure a straight borehole.
Equipment is commercially produced by V&W engineering in Zimbabwe. Local production is possible.
====Suppliers====
[[Image:Work table and auger bit.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Work table and auger bit.]]
* V&W Engineering Ltd, Zimbabwe (49 Leyland Road, P.O.Box 131,Harare). - Produces the Vonder rig.
* [http://www.vrm.nl/ Van Reekum Materials], Netherlands - Drilling equipment, hand auger and percussion drilling
* [https://en.eijkelkamp.com/ Eijkelkamp Agrisearch Equipment], Netherlands - Drilling equipment and manuals on hand auger and percussion gouges.
===Field experiences===
The vonder rig is widely used in Malawi, Kenya, South Africa and Zimbabwe.
===Manuals, videos and links===
* KOEGEL, R. (1985) Self Help Wells, FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper, FAO, Rome.ISBN 92-5-100398-X [http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5567E/X5567E00.htm html version].
* CARTER, R. C. (2005) Human-Powered Drilling Technologies. an overview of human-powered drilling technologies for shallow small diameter well construction, for domestic and agricultural water supply , Silsoe College , Cranfield University , Bedfordshire, UK [http://www.rural-water-supply.net/en/resources/details/402 Download]
* 'Private Sector Participation in Low Cost Water Well Drilling', Cranfield University, 2001. Article on private sector participation in low cost water well drilling in Africa. [https://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/bitstream/1826/3038/1/Private%20Sector%20Participation%20in%20Low%20Cost%20Water%20Well%20Drilling-2001.pdf Download].
* Rural Water Supply Network - Useful network and website for information and downloads related to Rural Water Technologies - [http://www.rural-water-supply.net/en/implementation/manual-drilling Hand drilled wells]. General [http://www.rural-water-supply.net website].
* Drilling Boreholes for Hand pumps, Peter Wurzel, Skat, Switzerland, 2001 - A book on hydrogeology, well construction, drilling techniques, well development - [http://www.rural-water-supply.net/en/resources/details/148 Download]. Website of [http://www.skat.ch SKAT]
* Low-cost shallow tube well construction in West Africa, M. Sonau, FAO - An overview of shallow tube well drilling techniques - [http://www.fao.org/docrep/w7314e/w7314e0v.htm website]. Website of [http://www.fao.org/documents/ FAO documents].
* Technical note 43. Simple drilling methods, Bob Elson and Rod Shaw, WEDC - An overview of simple drilling methods [http://www.lboro.ac.uk/well/resources/technical-briefs/43-simple-drilling-methods.pdf Download]. Website of [http://www.lboro.ac.uk/well/resources/technical-briefs/ Loughborough University Technical Briefs section]. Website of [http://www.lboro.ac.uk/well/ Loughborough University WELLS].
* A Water Handbook, Technical Guidelines Series, UNICEF, 1999 - Programming and implementation. [http://www.unicef.org/wash/files/Wat_e.pdf Download].
* [https://www.dropbox.com/s/dc2lhxx7p657i2v/WaterAid_technology_notes.pdf?dl=0 Technology notes, section 7; Tube wells and boreholes], WaterAid - An overview of human-powered drilling technologies. Website of [http://www.wateraid.org/uk Wateraid.org].
* Water for the World, Technical note series rws 2, USAID 1982 - Technical notes on methods of developing of groundwater, manual drilling techniques. [http://www.lifewater.org/resources/ground_water.html Website Livewater International].
* Multi-service procedures for well-drilling operations, [http://navybmr.com/study%20material/14080a/14080A_ch9.pdf field manual chapter 9, US Military], alternative well construction, manual drilling techniques.
===Acknowledgements===
* The basis for the material on this page was obtained from a desk study shortly to be published on the website of the [http://www.practicafoundation.nl/ Practica Foundation], and from the [http://www.rural-water-supply.net/ Rural Water Supply Network], and specifically its [http://www.rural-water-supply.net/en/implementation/manual-drilling manual drilling manual drilling section].
[[Image:Vonder rig in action.jpg|thumb|right|200px|正在搭建三脚架钻井机]]
__NOTOC__ <small-title />
三脚架钻井机是一种[[Hand auger - general|手钻]]的方式，它包含重型三脚架、绞车和工作台。这种方式在津巴布韦和非洲撒哈拉以南地区广泛使用。切削刀具（钻头）通过旋转钻入地下，然后抽出并去除挖出物。重复操作直到达到了理想的深度。
三脚架钻井机在80年代初期被发明，并在津巴布韦进行制造。
===适宜条件===
三脚架钻井机适合疏松地层，如泥沙和软土。而硬土、硬材料和砂砾不容易或不可能凿穿或移动（除非联合使用螺旋钻和[[percussion - general|冲击钻]]).
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="center"
|-
! width="50%" style="background:#efefef;" | Advantages
! style="background:#f0f8ff;" | Disadvantages
|-
| valign="top" | - Vonder rig ensures a straight borehole<br>
| valign="top" | - Tools for vonder rig are more expensive than conventional hand augering tools<br>
- Slow compared with other methods <br>
|}
===Construction, operations and maintenance===
[[Image:Diagram of a vonder rig.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Diagram of a vonder rig. Credit: WEDC.]]
The Vonder rig makes use of a tripod and working table and is therefore more expensive than the conventional augering tools. However, use of the worktable and tripod ensure a straight borehole.
Equipment is commercially produced by V&W engineering in Zimbabwe. Local production is possible.
====Suppliers====
[[Image:Work table and auger bit.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Work table and auger bit.]]
* V&W Engineering Ltd, Zimbabwe (49 Leyland Road, P.O.Box 131,Harare). - Produces the Vonder rig.
* [http://www.vrm.nl/ Van Reekum Materials], Netherlands - Drilling equipment, hand auger and percussion drilling
* [https://en.eijkelkamp.com/ Eijkelkamp Agrisearch Equipment], Netherlands - Drilling equipment and manuals on hand auger and percussion gouges.
===Field experiences===
The vonder rig is widely used in Malawi, Kenya, South Africa and Zimbabwe.
===Manuals, videos and links===
* KOEGEL, R. (1985) Self Help Wells, FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper, FAO, Rome.ISBN 92-5-100398-X [http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5567E/X5567E00.htm html version].
* CARTER, R. C. (2005) Human-Powered Drilling Technologies. an overview of human-powered drilling technologies for shallow small diameter well construction, for domestic and agricultural water supply , Silsoe College , Cranfield University , Bedfordshire, UK [http://www.rural-water-supply.net/en/resources/details/402 Download]
* 'Private Sector Participation in Low Cost Water Well Drilling', Cranfield University, 2001. Article on private sector participation in low cost water well drilling in Africa. [https://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/bitstream/1826/3038/1/Private%20Sector%20Participation%20in%20Low%20Cost%20Water%20Well%20Drilling-2001.pdf Download].
* Rural Water Supply Network - Useful network and website for information and downloads related to Rural Water Technologies - [http://www.rural-water-supply.net/en/implementation/manual-drilling Hand drilled wells]. General [http://www.rural-water-supply.net website].
* Drilling Boreholes for Hand pumps, Peter Wurzel, Skat, Switzerland, 2001 - A book on hydrogeology, well construction, drilling techniques, well development - [http://www.rural-water-supply.net/en/resources/details/148 Download]. Website of [http://www.skat.ch SKAT]
* Low-cost shallow tube well construction in West Africa, M. Sonau, FAO - An overview of shallow tube well drilling techniques - [http://www.fao.org/docrep/w7314e/w7314e0v.htm website]. Website of [http://www.fao.org/documents/ FAO documents].
* Technical note 43. Simple drilling methods, Bob Elson and Rod Shaw, WEDC - An overview of simple drilling methods [http://www.lboro.ac.uk/well/resources/technical-briefs/43-simple-drilling-methods.pdf Download]. Website of [http://www.lboro.ac.uk/well/resources/technical-briefs/ Loughborough University Technical Briefs section]. Website of [http://www.lboro.ac.uk/well/ Loughborough University WELLS].
* A Water Handbook, Technical Guidelines Series, UNICEF, 1999 - Programming and implementation. [http://www.unicef.org/wash/files/Wat_e.pdf Download].
* [https://www.dropbox.com/s/dc2lhxx7p657i2v/WaterAid_technology_notes.pdf?dl=0 Technology notes, section 7; Tube wells and boreholes], WaterAid - An overview of human-powered drilling technologies. Website of [http://www.wateraid.org/uk Wateraid.org].
* Water for the World, Technical note series rws 2, USAID 1982 - Technical notes on methods of developing of groundwater, manual drilling techniques. [http://www.lifewater.org/resources/ground_water.html Website Livewater International].
* Multi-service procedures for well-drilling operations, [http://navybmr.com/study%20material/14080a/14080A_ch9.pdf field manual chapter 9, US Military], alternative well construction, manual drilling techniques.
===Acknowledgements===
* The basis for the material on this page was obtained from a desk study shortly to be published on the website of the [http://www.practicafoundation.nl/ Practica Foundation], and from the [http://www.rural-water-supply.net/ Rural Water Supply Network], and specifically its [http://www.rural-water-supply.net/en/implementation/manual-drilling manual drilling manual drilling section].
