Difference between revisions of "Sanitation Portal"

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The sanitation portal illustrates a selection of smart sanitation technologies. We are working on making this portal comprehensive and contain full explanations on how to implement these technologies. In the meantime we hope the site can be a source of inspiration for those who are trying to improve sanitation conditions.
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This portal describes sanitation technologies which can be applied from the household level to the village level.
  
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{| border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
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A sanitation system does not consist of a single technology described below. A complete sanitation system consists of a chain of technologies, each taking care of a specific function, such as the toilet, the transportation, and treatment. Each technology below is dedicated to one particular function in this chain. An example is given at the end of this page.
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| valign="top" align="center" style="background:#efefef;"| <b>Toilets</b>
 
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| align="center" | <b>Collection</b>
 
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| align="center" style="background:#efefef;"| <b>Transportation</b>
 
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| align="center" | <b>Treatment</b>
 
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| align="center" style="background:#efefef;"| <b>Use of products</b>
 
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| align="center" | <b>Hygiene</b>
 
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|-
 
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| align="center" style="background:#efefef;"| {{Icon|file=Dry_toilet_icon.jpg|alt=Dry toilet]|width=91|link=Dry toilet}} <br> [[Dry toilet]]
 
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| align="center" | {{Icon|file=fossa_alterna_icon.jpg|alt=Fossa alterna|width=91|link=Fossa alterna}} <br> [[Fossa alterna]]
 
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| align="center" style="background:#efefef;"| {{Icon|file=cartage_systems_icon.jpg|alt=Cartage system|width=91|link=Cartage system}} <br> [[Cartage system]]
 
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| align="center" | {{Icon|file=co-composting_icon.jpg|alt=Co-composting|width=91|link=Co-composting}} <br> [[Co-composting]]
 
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| align="center" style="background:#efefef;"| {{Icon|file=compost_as_soil_conditioner_icon.jpg|alt=Compost soil conditioner|width=91|link=Compost as soil conditioner}} <br> [[Compost as soil conditioner|Compost soil conditioner]]
 
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| align="center"| {{Icon|file=TippyTap_icon.png|alt=Tippy Tap|width=91|link=Tippy Tap}} <br> [[Tippy Tap |Tippy tap]]
 
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|-
 
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| align="center" style="background:#efefef;"| {{Icon|file=Dry_urine_diversion_toilet_icon.jpg|alt=Dry urine diversion toilet|width=91|link=Dry urine diversion toilet}} <br> [[Dry urine diversion toilet]]
 
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| align="center" | {{Icon|file=oil_drums_and_containers_icon.jpg|alt=Oil drums and containers|width=91|link=Oil drums and containers}} <br> [[Oil drums and containers]]
 
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| align="center" style="background:#efefef;"| {{Icon|file=mapet_and_vacutug_system_icon.jpg|alt=MAPET and Vacutug|width=91|link=MAPET and Vacutug system}} <br> [[MAPET and Vacutug system|MAPET and Vacutug]]
 
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| align="center" | {{Icon|file=dehydration_icon.jpg|alt=Dehydration|width=91|link=Dehydration}} <br> [[Dehydration]]
 
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| align="center" style="background:#efefef;"| {{Icon|file=human_urine_as_fertiliser_icon.jpg|alt=Human urine as fertiliser|width=91|link=Human urine as fertiliser}} <br> [[Human urine as fertiliser]]
 
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| align="center" | &nbsp;
 
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|-
 
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| align="center" style="background:#efefef;"| {{Icon|file=pour_flush_slabs_icon.jpg|alt=Pour flush slabs|width=91|link=Pour flush slabs}} <br> [[Pour flush slabs]]
 
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| align="center" | {{Icon|file=vaults_and_chambers_icon.jpg|alt=Vaults and chambers|width=91|link=Vaults and chambers}} <br> [[Vaults and chambers]]
 
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| align="center" style="background:#efefef;"| {{Icon|file=settled_sewerage_small_icon.jpg|alt=Settled sewerage (small diameter)|width=91|link=Settled sewerage (small diameter)}} <br> [[Settled sewerage (small diameter)|Settled sewerage]]
 
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| align="center" | {{Icon|file=planted_soil_filter_icon.jpg|alt=Planted soil filter|width=91|link=Planted soil filter}} <br> [[Planted soil filter]]
 
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| align="center" style="background:#efefef;"| {{Icon|file=biogas_as_source_of_energy_icon.jpg|alt=Biogas as source of energy|width=91|link=Biogas as source of energy}} <br> [[Biogas as source of energy|Biogas for energy]]
 
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| align="center" | &nbsp;
 
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|-
 
  
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| align="center" style="background:#efefef;"| {{Icon|file=waterless_urinal_icon.jpg|alt=Waterless urinals|width=91|link=Waterless urinals}} <br> [[Waterless urinals]]
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In addition to these technologies, the table below lists eight different complete sanitation systems, going from very simple to more complex.
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| align="center" | {{Icon|file=Aqua_privy.jpg|alt=Aqua privy|width=91|link=Aqua privy}} <br> [[Aqua privy]]
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{| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="2" style="background:#f5faff"
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| align="center" style="background:#efefef;"| &nbsp;
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| '''1''' [[Single Pit System]]
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| align="center" |  {{Icon|file=anaerobic_digestion_icon.jpg|alt=Anaerobic digestion|width=91|link=Anaerobic digestion}}<br> [[Anaerobic digestion]]
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| '''2''' [[Waterless System with Alternating Pits]]
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| align="center" style="background:#efefef;"| &nbsp;
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| '''3''' [[Pour Flush System with Twin Pits]]
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| align="center" | &nbsp;
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| '''4''' [[Waterless System with Urine Diversion]]
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| '''5''' [[Blackwater Treatment System with Infiltration]]
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| '''6''' [[Blackwater Treatment System with Sewerage]]
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| '''7''' [[(Semi-) Centralized Treatment System]]
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| '''8''' [[Sewerage System with Urine Diversion]]
 
|}
 
|}
  
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== Sanitation system ==
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==Sanitation technologies==
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The techniques described in this section, according to the elements above make up entire sanitation systems. The following is an example of this. reading the icons from the left to the right we have a [[Dry urine diversion toilet]] connecting to [[Oil drums and containers]] system, where the feces are taken away via a [[Cartage system]] to be broken down via [[Co-composting]] and then finally be used through [[Compost as soil conditioner]] and the [[Human urine as fertiliser]].
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Below, sanitation technologies are presented in different functional groups: User interface (Toilets, urinals, handwashing), Collection and Storage / Local Treatment, Conveyance, (semi-) Centralized Treatment, and Use of products / disposal.
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{| border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" width="100%"
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!style="background:#efefef;"| User Interface
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! Collection and Storage/ Local Treatment
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!style="background:#efefef;"| Conveyance
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! (semi-) Centralized Treatment
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!style="background:#efefef;"| Use of Products/ Disposal
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|- valign="top"
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|align="center" width="20%" style="background:#efefef;" |<!-- Content Column 1 starts here -->
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{|style="height:140px; background:#efefef"
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|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_dry_toilet.png|alt=Dry Toilet|width=91|link=Dry Toilet}} <br> [[Dry Toilet]]
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|}
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{|style="height:140px; background:#efefef"
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|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_urine_diverting_dry_toilet.png|alt=Urine Diverting Dry Toilet|width=91|link=Urine Diverting Dry Toilet}} <br> [[Urine Diverting Dry Toilet]]
 +
|}
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{|style="height:140px; background:#efefef"
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|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_urinal.png|alt=Urinal|width=91|link=Urinal}} <br> [[Urinal]]
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|}
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{|style="height:140px; background:#efefef"
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|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_pour_flush_toilet.png|alt=Pour Flush Toilet|width=91|link=Pour Flush Toilet}} <br> [[Pour Flush Toilet]]
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|}
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{|style="height:140px; background:#efefef"
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|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_cistern_flush_toilet.png|alt=Cistern Flush Toilet|width=91|link=Cistern Flush Toilet}} <br> [[Cistern Flush Toilet]]
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|}
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{|style="height:140px; background:#efefef"
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|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_urine_diverting_flush_toilet.png|alt=Urine Diverting Flush Toilet|width=91|link=Urine Diverting Flush Toilet}} <br> [[Urine Diverting Flush Toilet]]
 +
|}
 +
{|style="height:140px; background:#efefef"
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|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=TippyTap_icon.png|alt=Tippy Tap|width=91|link=Tippy Tap}} <br> [[Tippy Tap|Hygiene - Tippy Tap]]
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
<!-- Content Column 1 ends here -->
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 +
|align="center" width="20%" | <!-- Content Column 2 starts here -->
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{|style="height:140px"
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|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_urine_storage_tank_container.png|alt=Urine Storage Tank|width=91|link=Storage Tanks}} <br> [[Storage tanks]]
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|}
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  {|style="height:140px"
 +
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_single_pit.png|alt=Single Pit|width=91|link=Single Pit}} <br> [[Single Pit]]
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|}
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  {|style="height:140px"
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|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_single_ventilated_improved_pit.png|alt=Single Ventilated Improved Pit|width=91|link=Single Ventilated Improved Pit}} <br> [[Single Ventilated Improved Pit]]
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|}
 +
{|style="height:140px"
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|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_double_ventilated_improved_pit.png|alt=Double Ventilated Improved Pit|width=91|link=Double Ventilated Improved Pit}} <br> [[Double Ventilated Improved Pit]]
 +
|}
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  {|style="height:140px"
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|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_fossa_alterna.png|alt=Fossa Alterna|width=91|link=Fossa Alterna}} <br> [[Fossa Alterna]]
 +
|}
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  {|style="height:140px"
 +
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_twin_pits_for_pour_flush.png|alt=Twin Pits for Pour Flush|width=91|link=Twin Pits for Pour Flush}} <br> [[Twin Pits for Pour Flush]]
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|}
 +
  {|style="height:140px"
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|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_dehydration_vault.png|alt=Dehydration Vaults|width=91|link=Dehydration Vaults}} <br> [[Dehydration Vaults]]
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|}
 +
  {|style="height:140px"
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|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_composting_chamber.png|alt=Composting Chamber|width=91|link=Composting Chamber}} <br> [[Composting Chamber]]
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|}
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  {|style="height:140px"
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|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_septic_tank.png|alt=Septic Tank|width=91|link=Septic Tank}} <br> [[Septic Tank]]
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|}
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  {|style="height:140px"
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|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_anaerobic_baffled_reactor.png|alt=Anaerobic Baffled Reactor|width=91|link=Anaerobic Baffled Reactor}} <br> [[Anaerobic Baffled Reactor]]
 +
|}
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  {|style="height:140px"
 +
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_anaerobic_filter.png|alt=Anaerobic Filter|width=91|link=Anaerobic Filter}} <br> [[Anaerobic Filter]]
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|}
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  {|style="height:140px"
 +
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_anaerobic_biogas_reactor.png|alt=Anaerobic Biogas Reactor|width=91|link=Anaerobic Biogas Reactor}} <br> [[Anaerobic Biogas Reactor]]
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|}
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  <!-- Content Column 2 ends here -->
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 +
 
 +
|align="center" width="20%" style="background:#efefef;"| <!-- Content Column 3 starts here -->
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{|style="height:140px; background:#efefef"
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|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_jerrycan_tank.png|alt=Jerrycan - tank|width=91|link=Jerrycan - tank}} <br> [[Jerrycan - tank]]
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|}
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{|style="height:140px; background:#efefef"
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|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_human_powered_emptying_and_transport.png|alt=Human-Powered Emptying and Transport|width=91|link=Human-Powered Emptying and Transport}} <br> [[Human-Powered Emptying and Transport]]
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|}
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{|style="height:140px; background:#efefef"
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|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_motorized_emptying_and_transport.png|alt=Motorized Emptying and Transport|width=91|link=Motorized Emptying and Transport}} <br> [[Motorized Emptying and Transport]]
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|}
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{|style="height:140px; background:#efefef"
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|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_simplified_sewers.png|alt=Simplified Sewers|width=91|link=Simplified Sewers}} <br> [[Simplified Sewers]]
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|}
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{|style="height:140px; background:#efefef"
 +
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_solids_free_sewer.png|alt=Solids-free Sewer|width=91|link=Solids-free Sewer}} <br> [[Solids-free Sewer]]
 +
|}
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{|style="height:140px; background:#efefef"
 +
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_conventional_gravity_sewer.png|alt=Conventional Gravity Sewer|width=91|link=Conventional Gravity Sewer}} <br> [[Conventional Gravity Sewer]]
 +
|}
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{|style="height:140px; background:#efefef"
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|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_transfer_station_underground_holding_tank.png|alt=Transfer Station (Underground Holding Tank)|width=91|link=Transfer Station (Underground Holding Tank)}} <br> [[Transfer Station (Underground Holding Tank)]]
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|}
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{|style="height:140px; background:#efefef"
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|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_sewer_discharge_station.png|alt=Sewer Discharge Station|width=91|link=Sewer Discharge Station}} <br> [[Sewer Discharge Station]]
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|}
 +
<!-- Content Column 3 ends here -->
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 +
|align="center" width="20%" | <!-- Content Column 4 starts here -->
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{|style="height:140px"
 +
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_anaerobic_baffled_reactor.png|alt=Anaerobic Baffled Reactor|width=91|link=Anaerobic Baffled Reactor}} <br> [[Anaerobic Baffled Reactor]]
 +
|}
 +
  {|style="height:140px"
 +
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_anaerobic_filter.png|alt=Anaerobic Filter|width=91|link=Anaerobic Filter}} <br> [[Anaerobic Filter]]
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|}
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  {|style="height:140px"
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|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_waste_stabilization_ponds.png|alt=Waste Stabilization Pond|width=91|link=Waste Stabilization Pond}} <br> [[Waste Stabilization Pond]]
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|}
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  {|style="height:140px"
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|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_aerated_pond.png|alt=Aerated Pond|width=91|link=Aerated Pond}} <br> [[Aerated Pond]]
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|}
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  {|style="height:140px"
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|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_free-water_surface_constructed_wetland.png|alt=Free-Water Surface Constructed Wetland|width=91|link=Icon_free-Water Surface Constructed Wetland}} <br> [[Free-Water Surface Constructed Wetland]]
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|}
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  {|style="height:140px"
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|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_horizontal_subsurface_flow_constructed_wetland.png|alt=Horizontal Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetland|width=91|link=Horizontal Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetland}} <br> [[Horizontal Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetland]]
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|}
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  {|style="height:140px"
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|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_vertical_flow_constructed_wetland.png|alt=Vertical Flow Constructed Wetland|width=91|link=Vertical Flow Constructed Wetland}} <br> [[Vertical Flow Constructed Wetland]]
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|}
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  {|style="height:140px"
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|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_trickling_filter.png|alt=Trickling Filter|width=91|link=Trickling Filter}} <br> [[Trickling Filter]]
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|}
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  {|style="height:140px"
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|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_upflow_anaerobic_sludge_blanket_reactor.png|alt=Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor|width=91|link=Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor}} <br> [[Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor]]
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|}
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{|style="height:140px"
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|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_activated_sludge.png|alt=Activated Sludge|width=91|link=Activated Sludge}} <br> [[Activated Sludge]]
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|}
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{|style="height:140px"
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|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_sedimentation_thickening_ponds.png|alt=Sedimentation - Thickening Ponds|width=91|link=Sedimentation - Thickening Ponds}} <br> [[Sedimentation - Thickening Ponds]]
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|}
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{|style="height:140px"
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|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_unplanted_drying_beds.png|alt=Unplanted Drying Beds|width=91|link=Unplanted Drying Beds}} <br> [[Unplanted Drying Beds]]
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|}
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{|style="height:140px"
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|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_planted_drying_beds.png|alt=Planted Drying Beds|width=91|link=Planted Drying Beds}} <br> [[Planted Drying Beds]]
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|}
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{|style="height:140px"
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|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_co-composting.png|alt=Co-composting|width=91|link=Co-composting}} <br> [[Co-composting]]
 +
|}
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  {|style="height:140px"
 +
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_anaerobic_biogas_reactor.png|alt=Anaerobic Biogas Reactor|width=91|link=Anaerobic Biogas Reactor}} <br> [[Anaerobic Biogas Reactor]]
 +
|}
 +
<!-- Content Column 4 ends here -->
 +
 +
|align="center" width="20%" style="background:#efefef;"| <!-- Content Column 5 starts here -->
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{|style="height:140px; background:#efefef"
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|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_fill_and_cover_arborloo.png|alt=Fill and Cover - Arborloo|width=91|link=Fill and Cover - Arborloo}} <br> [[Fill and Cover - Arborloo]]
 +
|}
 +
{|style="height:140px; background:#efefef"
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|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_application_of_urine.png|alt=Application of Urine|width=91|link=Application of Urine}} <br> [[Application of Urine]]
 +
|}
 +
{|style="height:140px; background:#efefef"
 +
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_application_of_dehydrated_faeces.png|alt=Application of Dehydrated Faeces|width=91|link=Application of Dehydrated Faeces}} <br> [[Application of Dehydrated Faeces]]
 +
|}
 +
{|style="height:140px; background:#efefef"
 +
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_application_of_compost_eco_humus.png|alt=Application of Compost - Eco-Humus|width=91|link=Application of Compost - Eco-Humus}} <br> [[Application of Compost - Eco-Humus]]
 +
|}
 +
{|style="height:140px; background:#efefef"
 +
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=biogas_as_source_of_energy_icon.jpg|alt=Biogas as source of energy|width=91|link=Biogas as source of energy}} <br> [[Biogas as source of energy|Biogas for energy]]
 +
|}
 +
{|style="height:140px; background:#efefef"
 +
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_irrigation.png|alt=Irrigation|width=91|link=Irrigation}} <br> [[Irrigation]]
 +
|}
 +
{|style="height:140px; background:#efefef"
 +
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_soak_pit.png|alt=Soak Pit|width=91|link=Soak Pit}} <br> [[Soak Pit]]
 +
|}
 +
{|style="height:140px; background:#efefef"
 +
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_leach_field.png|alt=Leach Field|width=91|link=Leach Field}} <br> [[Leach Field]]
 +
|}
 +
{|style="height:140px; background:#efefef"
 +
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_aquaculture.png|alt=Aquaculture Ponds|width=91|link=Aquaculture Ponds}} <br> [[Aquaculture Ponds]]
 +
|}
 +
{|style="height:140px; background:#efefef"
 +
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_floating_plant_macrophyte_pond.png|alt=Floating Plant (Macrophyte) Pond|width=91|link=Floating Plant (Macrophyte) Pond}} <br> [[Floating Plant (Macrophyte) Pond]]
 +
|}
 +
{|style="height:140px; background:#efefef"
 +
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_water_disposal_groundwater_recharge.png|alt=Water Disposal - Groundwater Recharge|width=91|link=Water Disposal - Groundwater Recharge}} <br> [[Water Disposal - Groundwater Recharge]]
 +
|}
 +
{|style="height:140px; background:#efefef"
 +
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_land_application_of_sludge.png|alt=Land Application of Sludge|width=91|link=Land Application of Sludge}} <br> [[Land Application of Sludge]]
 +
|}
 +
{|style="height:140px; background:#efefef"
 +
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_surface_disposal.png|alt=Surface Disposal|width=91|link=Surface Disposal}} <br> [[Surface Disposal]]
 +
|}
 +
<!-- Content Column 5 ends here -->
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|}
 +
 
 +
 
 +
==Sanitation systems ==
 +
In this section we give an example of a complete sanitation system, which consists of a chain of technologies. Reading the icons in the illustration below from the left to the right we have a [[Urine Diverting Dry Toilet]] connecting to [[Storage tanks]], where the faeces are taken away through [[Human-Powered Emptying and Transport]] to be processed through [[Co-composting]] and then finally be used through [[Application of Compost - Eco-Humus]] and the [[Application of Urine]].
  
 
[[Image:sanitation_system_example.jpg]]
 
[[Image:sanitation_system_example.jpg]]
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== Acknowledgements ==
 
== Acknowledgements ==
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[[Akvodev|akvodev]]
+
* Much of the material in this section comes from the book [http://www.eawag.ch/organisation/abteilungen/sandec/publikationen/publications_sesp/downloads_sesp/compendium_high.pdf Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies], Elizabeth Tilley et.al (2008). ([http://www.eawag.ch/organisation/abteilungen/sandec/publikationen/publications_sesp/downloads_sesp/compendium_low.pdf low res version]). Department of Water and Sanitation in Development Countries ([http://www.sandec.ch/ Sandec]) at the Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag).
−
 
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* [http://www.irc.nl/page/28448 Smart Sanitation Solutions] produced in collaboration with [http://www.nwp.nl Netherlands Water Partnership], [http://www.waste.nl WASTE], [http://www.practicafoundation.nl/ PRACTICA], [http://www.irc.nl IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre], SIMAWI and [http://www.partnersforwater.nl/ Partners voor Water]
−
Much of the material in this section comes from the book [http://www.irc.nl/page/28448 Smart Sanitation Solutions] produced in collaboration with [http://www.nwp.nl Netherlands Water Partnership], [http://www.waste.nl WASTE], [http://www.practicafoundation.nl/ PRACTICA], [http://www.irc.nl IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre], SIMAWI and [http://www.partnersforwater.nl/ Partners voor Water]
 

Revision as of 12:43, 5 March 2009

This portal describes sanitation technologies which can be applied from the household level to the village level.

A sanitation system does not consist of a single technology described below. A complete sanitation system consists of a chain of technologies, each taking care of a specific function, such as the toilet, the transportation, and treatment. Each technology below is dedicated to one particular function in this chain. An example is given at the end of this page.

In addition to these technologies, the table below lists eight different complete sanitation systems, going from very simple to more complex.

1 Single Pit System 2 Waterless System with Alternating Pits 3 Pour Flush System with Twin Pits 4 Waterless System with Urine Diversion 5 Blackwater Treatment System with Infiltration 6 Blackwater Treatment System with Sewerage 7 (Semi-) Centralized Treatment System 8 Sewerage System with Urine Diversion

Sanitation technologies

Below, sanitation technologies are presented in different functional groups: User interface (Toilets, urinals, handwashing), Collection and Storage / Local Treatment, Conveyance, (semi-) Centralized Treatment, and Use of products / disposal.

User Interface Collection and Storage/ Local Treatment Conveyance (semi-) Centralized Treatment Use of Products/ Disposal
Dry Toilet
Dry Toilet
Urine Diverting Dry Toilet
Urine Diverting Dry Toilet
Urinal
Urinal
Pour Flush Toilet
Pour Flush Toilet
Cistern Flush Toilet
Cistern Flush Toilet
Urine Diverting Flush Toilet
Urine Diverting Flush Toilet
Tippy Tap
Hygiene - Tippy Tap


Urine Storage Tank
Storage tanks
Single Pit
Single Pit
Single Ventilated Improved Pit
Single Ventilated Improved Pit
Double Ventilated Improved Pit
Double Ventilated Improved Pit
Fossa Alterna
Fossa Alterna
Twin Pits for Pour Flush
Twin Pits for Pour Flush
Dehydration Vaults
Dehydration Vaults
Composting Chamber
Composting Chamber
Septic Tank
Septic Tank
Anaerobic Baffled Reactor
Anaerobic Baffled Reactor
Anaerobic Filter
Anaerobic Filter
Anaerobic Biogas Reactor
Anaerobic Biogas Reactor


Jerrycan - tank
Jerrycan - tank
Human-Powered Emptying and Transport
Human-Powered Emptying and Transport
Motorized Emptying and Transport
Motorized Emptying and Transport
Simplified Sewers
Simplified Sewers
Solids-free Sewer
Solids-free Sewer
Conventional Gravity Sewer
Conventional Gravity Sewer
Transfer Station (Underground Holding Tank)
Transfer Station (Underground Holding Tank)
Sewer Discharge Station
Sewer Discharge Station
Anaerobic Baffled Reactor
Anaerobic Baffled Reactor
Anaerobic Filter
Anaerobic Filter
Waste Stabilization Pond
Waste Stabilization Pond
Aerated Pond
Aerated Pond
Free-Water Surface Constructed Wetland
Free-Water Surface Constructed Wetland
Horizontal Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetland
Horizontal Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetland
Vertical Flow Constructed Wetland
Vertical Flow Constructed Wetland
Trickling Filter
Trickling Filter
Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor
Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor
Activated Sludge
Activated Sludge
Sedimentation - Thickening Ponds
Sedimentation - Thickening Ponds
Unplanted Drying Beds
Unplanted Drying Beds
Planted Drying Beds
Planted Drying Beds
Co-composting
Co-composting
Anaerobic Biogas Reactor
Anaerobic Biogas Reactor
Fill and Cover - Arborloo
Fill and Cover - Arborloo
Application of Urine
Application of Urine
Application of Dehydrated Faeces
Application of Dehydrated Faeces
Application of Compost - Eco-Humus
Application of Compost - Eco-Humus
Biogas as source of energy
Biogas for energy
Irrigation
Irrigation
Soak Pit
Soak Pit
Leach Field
Leach Field
Aquaculture Ponds
Aquaculture Ponds
Floating Plant (Macrophyte) Pond
Floating Plant (Macrophyte) Pond
Water Disposal - Groundwater Recharge
Water Disposal - Groundwater Recharge
Land Application of Sludge
Land Application of Sludge
Surface Disposal
Surface Disposal


Sanitation systems

In this section we give an example of a complete sanitation system, which consists of a chain of technologies. Reading the icons in the illustration below from the left to the right we have a Urine Diverting Dry Toilet connecting to Storage tanks, where the faeces are taken away through Human-Powered Emptying and Transport to be processed through Co-composting and then finally be used through Application of Compost - Eco-Humus and the Application of Urine.

Sanitation system example.jpg


Acknowledgements

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