Difference between revisions of "Sanitation Portal"

Revision as of 21:12, 14 April 2015

This portal describes sanitation technologies which can be applied from the household level to the village level. A complete sanitation system does not consist of only one technology, but rather a chain of technologies, each taking care of a specific function, such as the toilet, transportation, and treatment. Each technology below is dedicated to one particular function in this chain. An example is given at the end of this page.

Below, sanitation technologies are presented in different functional groups: User interface (Toilets, urinals, handwashing), Collection and Storage / Local Treatment, Conveyance, (semi-) Centralized Treatment, and Use of products / disposal.

IRC Sanitation RSS feed

Jump to more Sanitation links and resources below.

Toilet Facilities

Collection and Storage / Local Treatment

Conveyance

(Semi-) Centralized Treatment

Use of Products / Disposal

Dry Toilet

Urine Diverting
Dry Toilet

Urinal

Pour Flush Toilet

Cistern Flush Toilet

Urine Diverting
Flush Toilet

Communal Latrines

Hygiene - Tippy Tap

Commercial Toilets

Urine Storage
Tank / Container

Single Pit

Single Ventilated
Improved Pit

Double Ventilated
Improved Pit

Fossa Alterna

Twin Pits
for Pour Flush

Dehydration Vaults

Composting Chamber

Septic Tank

Anaerobic
Baffled Reactor

Anaerobic Filter

Biogas Reactor

Jerrycan - tank

Human-Powered
Emptying and Transport

Motorized Emptying
and Transport

Simplified Sewer

Solids-free Sewer

Conventional
Gravity Sewer

Transfer Station -
Underground Holding Tank

Sewer Discharge Station

Settled sewerage (small diameter)

Pre-Treatment
Technologies

Settler

Imhoff Tank

Anaerobic Baffled
Reactor (ABR)

Anaerobic Filter

Waste Stabilization Pond

Aerated Pond

Free-Water Surface
Constructed Wetland

Horizontal Subsurface
Flow Constructed Wetland

Vertical Flow
Constructed Wetland

Trickling Filter

Upflow Anaerobic
Sludge Blanket Reactor

Activated Sludge

Sedimentation -
Thickening Ponds

Unplanted Drying Beds

Planted Drying Beds

Co-composting

Biogas Reactor

Tertiary Filtration
and Disinfection

Struvite recovery

Fill and Cover
- Arborloo

Application of
Stored Urine

Application of
Dehydrated Faeces

Application of Pit
Humus and Compost

Application of Sludge

Irrigation

Soak Pit

Leach Field

Fish Pond

Floating Plant Pond

Water Disposal -
Groundwater Recharge

Surface Disposal
and Storage

Biogas Combustion

IRC Sanitation Pack - IRC Sanitation Pack, SanPack for short, contains an overview of available methods, techniques and tools in a low-cost, non-sewered sanitation service model. The materials have been developed and used by IRC and its long-standing and more recent partners in the South and the North in some 20 countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America.

For a helpful sourcebook in the training of professionals for the sanitation and water sector, browse or download the set of animated PowerPoints called Sustainable Sanitation, by clicking the pink box below.

Sanitation systems

Example...

This is a complete sanitation system, which consists of a chain of technologies. Reading the icons in the illustration below from the left to the right we have a Urine Diverting Dry Toilet connecting to Storage tanks, where the faeces are taken away through Human-Powered Emptying and Transport to be processed through Co-composting and then finally be used through Application of Compost - Eco-Humus and the Application of Urine.

The table below lists eight different examples of sanitation systems, going from very simple to more complex. Of course, many other systems are possible, depending on the local context.

1 Single Pit System

2 Waterless System with Alternating Pits

3 Pour Flush Pit System without Sludge Production

4 Waterless System with Urine Diversion

5 Biogas System

6 Blackwater Treatment System with Infiltration

7 Blackwater Treatment System with Effluent Transport

8 Blackwater Transport to (Semi-) Centralized Treatment System

9 Sewerage System with Urine Diversion

Acknowledgements

The majority of the material in this portal was adapted from: Tilley, E. et al. (2008). Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies. Eawag: The Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland.

Currently, WASTE is working on a Sanitation Decision Support tool, which will be integrated in this portal in the near future.

Smart Sanitation Solutions produced in collaboration with Netherlands Water Partnership, WASTE, PRACTICA, IRC, SIMAWI and Partners voor Water


RSR Project 107 Rainwater harvesting in Guinee Bissau	RSR Project 600 Community-led WASH and Safe Motherhood	RSR Project 830 Scanning and Mapping the WASH Situation	RSR Project 388 WASH Alliance project, AMREF in Ethiopia	RSR Project 351 Cost effective means of financing WASH


RSR Project 459 Upscaling CLTS for Healthy Communities	RSR Project 462 Northern Region WASH Programme	RSR Project 386 Scaling-up using CLTS in Kenya	RSR Project 469 Implementing an IWRM process in Mashuru	RSR Project 361 Improving Communal Health Through WASH


RSR Project 401 Eau, hygiène et assainissement	RSR Project 364 WASH in Gorkha and Baglung	RSR Project 366 WASH Sustainability through Women Led MFI	RSR Project 367 SWASH in Birendranagar, Surkhet	RSR Project 488 Community-based WASH Project in Nepal

Difference between revisions of "Sanitation Portal"

Revision as of 21:12, 14 April 2015

Contents

Field experiences

Sanitation links and resources

Sanitation systems

Acknowledgements

Navigation menu

Personal tools

Namespaces

Variants

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Agriculture Portals

Theme Portals

Miscellaneous

Tools

@@ Line 22: / Line 22: @@
 |- valign="top"
 |align="center" width="20%" style="background:#efefef;" |<!-- Content Column 1 starts here -->
-{|style="height:135px; background:#efefef"
+{|style="height:145px; background:#efefef"
 |align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_dry_toilet.png|alt=Dry Toilet|width=75|link=Dry Toilet}} <br> [[Dry Toilet]]
 |}
-{|style="height:135px; background:#efefef"
+{|style="height:145px; background:#efefef"
 |align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_urine_diverting_dry_toilet.png|alt=Urine Diverting Dry Toilet|width=75|link=Urine Diverting Dry Toilet}} <br> [[Urine Diverting Dry Toilet|Urine Diverting <br>Dry Toilet]]
 |}
-{|style="height:135px; background:#efefef"
+{|style="height:145px; background:#efefef"
 |align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_urinal.png|alt=Urinal|width=75|link=Urinal}} <br> [[Urinal]]
 |}
-{|style="height:135px; background:#efefef"
+{|style="height:145px; background:#efefef"
 |align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_pour_flush_toilet.png|alt=Pour Flush Toilet|width=75|link=Pour Flush Toilet}} <br> [[Pour Flush Toilet]]
 |}
-{|style="height:135px; background:#efefef"
+{|style="height:145px; background:#efefef"
 |align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_cistern_flush_toilet.png|alt=Cistern Flush Toilet|width=75|link=Cistern Flush Toilet}} <br> [[Cistern Flush Toilet]]
 |}
-{|style="height:135px; background:#efefef"
+{|style="height:145px; background:#efefef"
 |align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_urine_diverting_flush_toilet.png|alt=Urine Diverting Flush Toilet|width=75|link=Urine Diverting Flush Toilet}} <br> [[Urine Diverting Flush Toilet|Urine Diverting <br>Flush Toilet]]
 |}
-{|style="height:135px; background:#efefef"
+{|style="height:145px; background:#efefef"
 |align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=communal latrine icon.png|alt=Communal Latrines|width=85|link=Communal Latrines}} <br> [[Communal Latrines]]
 |}
-{|style="height:135px; background:#efefef"
+{|style="height:145px; background:#efefef"
 |align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=TippyTap_icon.png|alt=Tippy Tap|width=75|link=Tippy Tap}} <br> [[Tippy Tap|Hygiene - Tippy Tap]]
 |}
-{|style="height:135px; background:#efefef"
+{|style="height:145px; background:#efefef"
 |align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=toiletCommercial.png|alt=Commercial Toilets|width=85|link=Commercial Toilets}} <br> [[Commercial Toilets]]
 |}
@@ Line 53: / Line 53: @@
 |align="center" width="20%" | <!-- Content Column 2 starts here -->
-  {|style="height:135px"
+  {|style="height:145px"
 |align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_urine_storage_tank_container.png|alt=Urine Storage Tank / Container|width=75|link=Urine Storage Tank / Container}} <br> [[Urine Storage Tank / Container | Urine Storage<br>Tank / Container]]
 |}
-   {|style="height:135px"
+   {|style="height:145px"
 |align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_single_pit.png|alt=Single Pit|width=75|link=Single Pit}} <br> [[Single Pit]]
 |}
-   {|style="height:135px"
+   {|style="height:145px"
 |align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_single_ventilated_improved_pit.png|alt=Single Ventilated Improved Pit|width=75|link=Single Ventilated Improved Pit}} <br> [[Single Ventilated Improved Pit|Single Ventilated<br>Improved Pit]]
 |}
-  {|style="height:135px"
+  {|style="height:145px"
 |align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_double_ventilated_improved_pit.png|alt=Double Ventilated Improved Pit|width=75|link=Double Ventilated Improved Pit}} <br> [[Double Ventilated Improved Pit|Double Ventilated <br>Improved Pit]]
 |}
-   {|style="height:135px"
+   {|style="height:145px"
 |align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_fossa_alterna.png|alt=Fossa Alterna|width=75|link=Fossa Alterna}} <br> [[Fossa Alterna]]
 |}
-   {|style="height:135px"
+   {|style="height:145px"
 |align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_twin_pits_for_pour_flush.png|alt=Twin Pits for Pour Flush|width=75|link=Twin Pits for Pour Flush}} <br> [[Twin Pits for Pour Flush|Twin Pits <br>for Pour Flush]]
 |}
-   {|style="height:135px"
+   {|style="height:145px"
 |align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_dehydration_vault_2.png|alt=Dehydration Vaults|width=75|link=Dehydration Vaults}} <br> [[Dehydration Vaults]]
 |}
-    {|style="height:135px"
+    {|style="height:145px"
 |align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_composting_chamber.png|alt=Composting Chamber|width=75|link=Composting Chamber}} <br> [[Composting Chamber]]
 |}
-    {|style="height:135px"
+    {|style="height:145px"
 |align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_septic_tank_2.png|alt=Septic Tank|width=75|link=Septic Tank}} <br> [[Septic Tank]]
 |}
-    {|style="height:135px"
+    {|style="height:145px"
 |align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_anaerobic_baffled_reactor.png|alt=Anaerobic Baffled Reactor|width=75|link=Anaerobic Baffled Reactor}} <br> [[Anaerobic Baffled Reactor|Anaerobic <br>Baffled Reactor]]
 |}
-    {|style="height:135px"
+    {|style="height:145px"
 |align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_anaerobic_filter.png|alt=Anaerobic Filter|width=75|link=Anaerobic Filter}} <br> [[Anaerobic Filter]]
 |}
-    {|style="height:135px"
+    {|style="height:145px"
 |align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_anaerobic_biogas_reactor.png|alt=Biogas Reactor|width=75|link=Biogas Reactor}} <br> [[Biogas Reactor]]
 |}
@@ Line 93: / Line 93: @@
   |align="center" width="20%" style="background:#efefef;"| <!-- Content Column 3 - Conveyance- starts here -->
-{|style="height:135px; background:#efefef"
+{|style="height:145px; background:#efefef"
 |align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_jerrycan_tank.png|alt=Jerrycan - tank|width=75|link=Jerrycan - tank}} <br> [[Jerrycan - tank]]
 |}
-{|style="height:135px; background:#efefef"
+{|style="height:145px; background:#efefef"
 |align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_human_powered_emptying_and_transport.png|alt=Human-Powered Emptying and Transport|width=75|link=Human-Powered Emptying and Transport}} <br> [[Human-Powered Emptying and Transport|Human-Powered <br>Emptying and Transport]]
 |}
-{|style="height:135px; background:#efefef"
+{|style="height:145px; background:#efefef"
 |align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_motorized_emptying_and_transport.png|alt=Motorized Emptying and Transport|width=75|link=Motorized Emptying and Transport}} <br> [[Motorized Emptying and Transport|Motorized Emptying <br>and Transport]]
 |}
-{|style="height:135px; background:#efefef"
+{|style="height:145px; background:#efefef"
 |align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_simplified_sewers.png|alt=Simplified Sewer|width=75|link=Simplified Sewer}} <br> [[Simplified Sewer]]
 |}
-{|style="height:135px; background:#efefef"
+{|style="height:145px; background:#efefef"
 |align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_solids_free_sewer.png|alt=Solids-free Sewer|width=75|link=Solids-free Sewer}} <br> [[Solids-free Sewer]]
 |}
-{|style="height:135px; background:#efefef"
+{|style="height:145px; background:#efefef"
 |align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_conventional_gravity_sewer.png|alt=Conventional Gravity Sewer|width=75|link=Conventional Gravity Sewer}} <br> [[Conventional Gravity Sewer|Conventional <br>Gravity Sewer]]
 |}
-{|style="height:135px; background:#efefef"
+{|style="height:145px; background:#efefef"
 |align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_transfer_station_underground_holding_tank.png|alt=Transfer Station (Underground Holding Tank)|width=75|link=Transfer Station - Underground Holding Tank}} <br> [[Transfer Station - Underground Holding Tank|Transfer Station - <br>Underground Holding Tank]]
 |}
-{|style="height:135px; background:#efefef"
+{|style="height:145px; background:#efefef"
 |align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_sewer_discharge_station.png|alt=Sewer Discharge Station|width=75|link=Sewer Discharge Station}} <br> [[Sewer Discharge Station]]
 |}
-{|style="height:135px; background:#efefef"
+{|style="height:145px; background:#efefef"
 |align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Settled_sewerage_small_icon.jpg|alt=Settled sewerage (small diameter)|width=75|link=Settled sewerage (small diameter)}} <br> [[Settled sewerage (small diameter)]]
 |}
@@ Line 124: / Line 124: @@
 |align="center" width="20%" | <!-- Content Column 4 starts here -->
-{|style="height:135px"
+{|style="height:145px"
 |align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_anaerobic_baffled_reactor.png|alt=Pre-Treatment Technologies|width=75|link=Pre-Treatment Technologies}} <br> [[Pre-Treatment Technologies|Pre-Treatment <br>Technologies]]
 |}
-{|style="height:135px"
+{|style="height:145px"
 |align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=settler icon.png|alt=Settler|width=75|link=Settler}} <br> [[Settler]]
 |}
-{|style="height:135px"
+{|style="height:145px"
 |align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Imhoff icon.png|alt=Imhoff Tank|width=75|link=Imhoff Tank}} <br> [[Imhoff Tank]]
 |}
-{|style="height:135px"
+{|style="height:145px"
 |align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_anaerobic_baffled_reactor.png|alt=Anaerobic Baffled Reactor (ABR)|width=75|link=Anaerobic Baffled Reactor (ABR)}} <br> [[Anaerobic Baffled Reactor (ABR)|Anaerobic Baffled <br>Reactor (ABR)]]
 |}
-   {|style="height:135px"
+   {|style="height:145px"
 |align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_anaerobic_filter.png|alt=Anaerobic Filter|width=75|link=Anaerobic Filter}} <br> [[Anaerobic Filter ]]
 |}
-   {|style="height:135px"
+   {|style="height:145px"
 |align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_waste_stabilization_ponds.png|alt=Waste Stabilization Pond|width=75|link=Waste Stabilization Pond}} <br> [[Waste Stabilization Pond]]
 |}
-   {|style="height:135px"
+   {|style="height:145px"
 |align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_aerated_pond.png|alt=Aerated Pond|width=75|link=Aerated Pond}} <br> [[Aerated Pond]]
 |}
-   {|style="height:135px"
+   {|style="height:145px"
 |align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_free-water_surface_constructed_wetland.png|alt=Free-Water Surface Constructed Wetland|width=75|link=Free-Water Surface Constructed Wetland}} <br> [[Free-Water Surface Constructed Wetland|Free-Water Surface <br>Constructed Wetland]]
 |}
-   {|style="height:135px"
+   {|style="height:145px"
 |align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_horizontal_subsurface_flow_constructed_wetland.png|alt=Horizontal Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetland|width=75|link=Horizontal Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetland}} <br> [[Horizontal Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetland|Horizontal Subsurface <br>Flow Constructed Wetland]]
 |}
-   {|style="height:135px"
+   {|style="height:145px"
 |align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_vertical_flow_constructed_wetland.png|alt=Vertical Flow Constructed Wetland|width=75|link=Vertical Flow Constructed Wetland}} <br> [[Vertical Flow Constructed Wetland|Vertical Flow <br>Constructed Wetland]]
 |}
-   {|style="height:135px"
+   {|style="height:145px"
 |align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_trickling_filter.png|alt=Trickling Filter|width=75|link=Trickling Filter}} <br> [[Trickling Filter]]
 |}
-   {|style="height:135px"
+   {|style="height:145px"
 |align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_upflow_anaerobic_sludge_blanket_reactor.png|alt=Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor|width=75|link=Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor}} <br> [[Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor|Upflow Anaerobic <br>Sludge Blanket Reactor]]
 |}
-  {|style="height:135px"
+  {|style="height:145px"
 |align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_activated_sludge.png|alt=Activated Sludge|width=75|link=Activated Sludge}} <br> [[Activated Sludge]]
 |}
-  {|style="height:135px"
+  {|style="height:145px"
 |align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_sedimentation_thickening_ponds.png|alt=Sedimentation - Thickening Ponds|width=75|link=Sedimentation - Thickening Ponds}} <br> [[Sedimentation - Thickening Ponds|Sedimentation - <br>Thickening Ponds]]
 |}
-  {|style="height:135px"
+  {|style="height:145px"
 |align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_unplanted_drying_beds.png|alt=Unplanted Drying Beds|width=75|link=Unplanted Drying Beds}} <br> [[Unplanted Drying Beds]]
 |}
-{|style="height:135px"
+{|style="height:145px"
 |align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_planted_drying_beds.png|alt=Planted Drying Beds|width=75|link=Planted Drying Beds}} <br> [[Planted Drying Beds]]
 |}
-{|style="height:135px"
+{|style="height:145px"
 |align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_co-composting.png|alt=Co-composting|width=75|link=Co-composting}} <br> [[Co-composting]]
 |}
-  {|style="height:135px"
+  {|style="height:145px"
 |align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_anaerobic_biogas_reactor.png|alt=Biogas Reactor|width=75|link=Biogas Reactor}} <br> [[Biogas Reactor]]
 |}
-  {|style="height:135px"
+  {|style="height:145px"
 |align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_anaerobic_filter.png|alt=Tertiary Filtration and Disinfection|width=75|link=Tertiary Filtration and Disinfection}} <br> [[Tertiary Filtration and Disinfection|Tertiary Filtration <br>and Disinfection]]
 |}
-  {|style="height:135px"
+  {|style="height:145px"
 |align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_anaerobic_biogas_reactor.png|alt=Struvite recovery|width=75|link=Struvite recovery}} <br> [[Struvite recovery]]
 |}
@@ Line 188: / Line 188: @@
   |align="center" width="20%" style="background:#efefef;"| <!-- Content Column 5 starts here -->
-{|style="height:135px; background:#efefef"
+{|style="height:145px; background:#efefef"
 |align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_fill_and_cover_arborloo.png|alt=Fill and Cover - Arborloo|width=75|link=Fill and Cover - Arborloo}} <br> [[Fill and Cover - Arborloo|Fill and Cover <br>- Arborloo]]
 |}
-{|style="height:135px; background:#efefef"
+{|style="height:145px; background:#efefef"
 |align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_application_of_urine.png|alt=Application of Stored Urine|width=75|link=Application of Stored Urine}} <br> [[Application of Stored Urine|Application of <br>Stored Urine]]
 |}
-{|style="height:135px; background:#efefef"
+{|style="height:145px; background:#efefef"
 |align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_application_of_dehydrated_faeces.png|alt=Application of Dehydrated Faeces|width=75|link=Application of Dehydrated Faeces}} <br> [[Application of Dehydrated Faeces|Application of <br>Dehydrated Faeces]]
 |}
-{|style="height:135px; background:#efefef"
+{|style="height:145px; background:#efefef"
 |align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_application_of_compost_eco_humus.png|alt=Application of Pit Humus and Compost|width=75|link=Application of Pit Humus and Compost}} <br> [[Application of Pit Humus and Compost|Application of Pit <br>Humus and Compost]]
 |}
-{|style="height:135px; background:#efefef"
+{|style="height:145px; background:#efefef"
 |align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_land_application_of_sludge.png|alt=Application of Sludge|width=75|link=Application of Sludge}} <br> [[Application of Sludge]]
 |}
-{|style="height:135px; background:#efefef"
+{|style="height:145px; background:#efefef"
 |align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_irrigation.png|alt=Irrigation|width=75|link=Irrigation}} <br> [[Irrigation]]
 |}
-{|style="height:135px; background:#efefef"
+{|style="height:145px; background:#efefef"
 |align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_soak_pit.png|alt=Soak Pit|width=75|link=Soak Pit}} <br> [[Soak Pit]]
 |}
-{|style="height:135px; background:#efefef"
+{|style="height:145px; background:#efefef"
 |align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_leach_field.png|alt=Leach Field|width=75|link=Leach Field}} <br> [[Leach Field]]
 |}
-{|style="height:135px; background:#efefef"
+{|style="height:145px; background:#efefef"
 |align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_aquaculture.png|alt=Fish Pond|width=75|link=Fish Pond}} <br> [[Fish Pond]]
 |}
-{|style="height:135px; background:#efefef"
+{|style="height:145px; background:#efefef"
 |align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_floating_plant_macrophyte_pond.png|alt=Floating Plant Pond|width=75|link=Floating Plant Pond}} <br> [[Floating Plant Pond | Floating Plant Pond]]
 |}
-{|style="height:135px; background:#efefef"
+{|style="height:145px; background:#efefef"
 |align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_water_disposal_groundwater_recharge.png|alt=Water Disposal - Groundwater Recharge|width=75|link=Water Disposal - Groundwater Recharge}} <br> [[Water Disposal - Groundwater Recharge|Water Disposal - <br>Groundwater Recharge]]
 |}
-{|style="height:135px; background:#efefef"
+{|style="height:145px; background:#efefef"
 |align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_surface_disposal.png|alt=Surface Disposal and Storage|width=75|link=Surface Disposal and Storage}} <br> [[Surface Disposal and Storage|Surface Disposal <br>and Storage]]
 |}
-{|style="height:135px; background:#efefef"
+{|style="height:145px; background:#efefef"
 |align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=biogas_as_source_of_energy_icon.jpg|alt=Biogas Combustion|width=75|link=Biogas Combustion}} <br> [[Biogas Combustion|Biogas Combustion]]
 |}