Difference between revisions of "Twin Pits for Pour Flush"

Revision as of 13:29, 5 March 2009

Applicable to systems: 3

Application level Household XX Neighbourhood X City   Inputs Blackwater, Greywater, Anal cleansing water

Management level Household XX Shared XX Public X   Outputs Compost - EcoHumus click on words for explanation Languages / langues / idiomas

This technology consists of two alternating pits connected to a Pour Flush Toilet. The blackwater (and greywater) is collected in the pits and allowed to slowly infiltrate into the surrounding soil. With time, the solids are sufficiently dewatered and can be manually removed with a shovel.

The superstructure, toilet and pits, for the Twin Pits with Pour Flush technology can be designed in various ways: the toilet can be located directly over the pits or at a distance from the pits. The superstructure can be permanently constructed over both pits or it can move from side to side depending on which pit is in use. No matter how the system is designed, only one pit is used at a time. In this way, a continuous cycle of alternating pits means that they can be used indefinitely.

While one pit is filling with excreta, cleansing water and flushing water, the other full pit is resting. The pits should be an adequate size to accommodate a volume of waste generated over one or two years. This allows the contents of the full pit enough time to transform into a safe, inoffensive, soil-like material that can be excavated manually.

The difference between this technology and the Double VIP or Fossa Alterna is that it allows for the addition of water and does not include the addition of soil or organic material. As this is a water-based (wet) technology, the full pits require a longer retention time to degrade the material before is can be excavated safely. A retention time of 2 years is recommended. The degraded material is too solid to be removed with a vacuum truck.

As the effluent leaches from the pit and migrates through an unsaturated soil matrix, faecal organisms are removed. The degree of faecal organism removal varies with soil type, distance traveled, moisture and other environmental factors. There is a risk of groundwater pollution whenever there is a high or variable water table, fissures and/or cracks in the bedrock. Viruses and bacteria can travel hundreds of metres in saturated conditions. As soil and groundwater properties are often unknown, it is difficult to estimate the necessary distance between a pit and a water source. A minimum distance of 30m should be maintained between the pit and a water source to limit exposure to chemical and biological contamination.

It is recommended that the Twin Pits be constructed 1m apart from each other to minimize cross-contamination between the maturing pit and the one in use. It is also recommended that the pits be constructed over 1m from any structural foundation as leachate can negatively impact structural supports.

Water within the pit can impact the structural stability of the pit. Therefore, all walls should be lined up to the full depth of the pit to prevent collapse and the top 30cm should be fully mortared to prevent direct infiltration and ensure that the superstructure is supported.

Adequacy

The Twin Pits with Pour Flush is a permanent technology that is appropriate for areas where it is not appropriate to continuously move a pit latrine. It is a water-based technology and is only appropriate where there is a constant supply of water for flushing (e.g. recycled greywater or rainwater). Greywater can be co-managed along with the blackwater in the twin pits.

This technology is not appropriate for areas with a high groundwater table or areas that are frequently flooded. In order for the pits to drain properly, the soil must have a good absorptive capacity; clay, tightly packed or rocky soils are not appropriate.

As long as water is available, the Twin Pits with Pour Flush technology is appropriate for almost every type of housing density. However, too many wet pits in a small area is not recommended as there may not be sufficient capacity to absorb the liquid into the soil matrix from all of the pits and the ground may become water-logged (oversaturated).

The material is manually emptied from the Twin Pits (it is dug out, not pumped out), so vacuum truck access to the pits is not necessary.

The Twin Pits with Pour Flush technology will only work properly if the two pits are used sequentially and not concurrently. Therefore, an adequate cover for the out of service pit is required.

Health Aspects/Acceptance

The waterseal provides a high level of comfort and cleanliness, with few odours. It is a commonly accepted sanitation option, however some health concerns exist:

• Latrine leachate can contaminate groundwater;
• Stagnant water in pits may promote insect breeding;
• Pits are susceptible to failure/overflowing during floods.

Maintenance

The pits must be emptied regularly and care must be taken to ensure that they do not flood during rainy seasons. After a recommended two year resting time, the pits should be emptied manually using long handled shovels and proper personal protection. If the pits are self-emptied there are no operational costs except for any replacements to the structure or slab in the event of damage.

References

• Elizabeth Tilley et.al (2008). Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies (low res version). Department of Water and Sanitation in Development Countries (Sandec) at the Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag). (Provides a full overview of sanitation systems.)

Detailed Design information:

• Roy, AK., et al. (1984). Manual on the Design, Construction and Maintenance of Low-Cost Pour Flush Waterseal Latrines in India. (UNDP Interreg. Project INT/81/047). The World Bank + UNDP, Washington.

General Information:

• Franceys, R., Pickford, J. and Reed, R. (1992). A guide to the development of on-site sanitation. WHO, Geneva.

• Mara, DD. (1996). Low-Cost Urban Sanitation. Wiley, Chichester, UK.

• The World Bank (1986). Information and Training for Low-Cost Water Supply and Sanitation. (UNDP Project INT/82/002). The World Bank, Washington.