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<!{|style="float: left;"|{{Language-- table at top of page with logo, picture, Application level, Management level, and input-output tables -->box|english_link=Trickling_Filter|french_link=Lit_bactérien|spanish_link=Filtro_Percolador|hindi_link=coming soon|malayalam_link=coming soon|tamil_link=coming soon | korean_link=coming soon | chinese_link=Coming soon | indonesian_link=Coming soon | japanese_link=Coming soon}}|}

sys2=[[Blackwater Treatment System with Infiltration|56]]|sys3=[[Blackwater Treatment System with SewerageEffluent Transport|67]]|sys4=[[Blackwater Transport to (Semi-) Centralized Treatment System |78]]|sys5=[[Sewerage System with Urine Diversion |89]]|

Input1=Blackwater|Input2=Greywater |Input3= Brownwater | Input4= Effluent |Input5=|

|[[Image:Trickling_filter.png |right|300px500px]]

[[Image:Icon_trickling_filter.png |right|95px]]'''A Trickling Filter trickling filter is a fixed -bed, biological filter reactor that operates under (mostly) aerobic conditions. Pre-settled wastewater is continuously ‘trickled’ or sprayed over the filter. As the water migrates through the pores of the filter, organics are degraded by the biomass biofilm covering the filter material.'''

<br>The Trickling Filter trickling filter is filled with a high specific surface-area material , such as rocks, gravel, shredded PVC bottles, or special pre-formed plastic filter-materialmedia. A material with a high specific surface provides a large area between 30 and 900m2/m3 is desirable. Pre-treatment is essential to prevent clogging and to ensure efficient treatment. The pre-treated wastewater is ‘trickled’ over the surface of the filterfor biofilm formation. Organisms that grow in a the thin bio-film biofilm over the surface of the media oxidize the organic load in the wastewater to carbon dioxide and water , while generating new biomass. The incoming pre-treated wastewater is ‘trickled’ overthe filter, e.g., with the use of a rotating sprinkler. In this way, the filter media goes through cycles of being dosed and exposed to air. However, oxygen is depleted within the biomass and the inner layers may be anoxic or anaerobic.

===Design Considerations=== The incoming wastewater filter is sprayed over the filter usually 1 to 2.5 m deep, but filters packed with the use of a rotating sprinklerlighter plastic filling can be up to 12 m deep. In this way, the The ideal filter media goes through cycles of being dosed material is low cost and exposed durable, has a high surface to volume ratio, is light, and allows airto circulate. HoweverWhenever it is available, oxygen crushed rock or gravel is depleted within the biomass cheapest option. The particles should be uniform and 95% of them should have a diameter between 7 and 10 cm. A material with a specific surface area between 45 and 60 m2/m3 for rocks and the inner layers may be anoxic or anaerobic90 to 150 m2/m3 for plastic packing is normally used.

The filter is usually 1 to 3m deep but filters packed with lighter Larger pores (as in plastic filling can be up packing) are less prone to 12m deepclogging and provide for good air circulation. The ideal filter material has a high surface Primary treatment is also essential to volume ratio, is light, durable prevent clogging and allows air to circulateensure efficient treatment. Whenever it Adequate airflow is available, crushed rock or gravel is the cheapest optionimportant to ensure sufficient treatment performance and prevent odours. The particles underdrains should be uniform such that 95% of provide a passageway for air at the particles have a diameter between 7 and 10cmmaximum filling rate. Both ends of A perforated slab supports the filter are ventilated to allow oxygen to travel the length bottom of the filter. A perforated slab that allows , allowing the effluent and excess sludge to be collected supports . The trickling filter is usually designed with a recirculation pattern for the bottom effluent to improve wetting and flushing of the filtermaterial.

With time, the biomass will grow thick and the attached layer will be deprived of oxygen; it will enter an endogenous state, will lose its ability to stay attached and will slough off. High-rate loading conditions will also cause sloughing. The collected effluent should be clarified in a settling tank to remove any biomass that may have dislodged from the filter. The hydraulic and nutrient loading rate (i.e. , how much wastewater can be applied to the filter) is determined based on the characteristics of the wastewater, the type of filter media, the ambient temperature, and the discharge requirements.

- Can be operated at a range of organic and hydraulic loading rates. <br> - Efficient nitrification (ammonium oxidation) <br>- Small land area required compared to Constructed Wetlands. constructed wetlands| con=- High capital costs and moderate operating costs <br> - Requires expert design and construction. , particularly, the dosing system <br>- Requires operation and maintenance by skilled personnel <br> - Requires a constant source of electricity and constant wastewater flow. <br> - Flies and odours are often problematic. <br> - Risk of clogging, depending on pre- and primary treatment <br>- Not all parts and materials may be locally available locally. <br> - Pre-treatment is required to prevent clogging. <br> - Dosing system requires more complex engineering.

==Adequacy=Appropriateness=== This technology can only be used following primary clarification since high solids loading will cause the filter to clog. A skilled operator is required to monitor and repair the filter and the pump in case of problems. A low-energy (gravity) trickling system can be designed, but in general, a continuous supply of power and wastewater is required. Compared to other technologies (e.g. , [[Waste Stabilization Pond|WSPsWaste Stabilization Ponds]], T.5), trickling filters are compact, although they are still are best suited for peri-urban or large, rural settlements. Trickling Filters filters can be built in almost all environments, although but special adaptations for cold climates are required. ==Health Aspects/Acceptance== The odour and fly problems require that the filter be built away from homes and businesses. There must be appropriate measures taken for pre-treatment, effluent discharge and solids treatment, all of which can still pose health risks.

==Maintenance=Health Aspects/Acceptance=== Odour and fly problems require that the filter be built away from homes and businesses. Appropriate measures must be taken for pre- and primary treatment, effluent discharge and solids treatment, all of which can still pose health risks.

===Operation & Maintenance=== A skilled operator is required to monitor the filter and repair the pump in case of problems. The sludge that accumulates on the filter must be periodically washed away to prevent cloggingand keep the biofilm thin and aerobic. High hydraulic loading rates (flushing doses) can be used to flush the filter. Optimum dosing rates and flushing frequency should be determined from the field operation. The packing must be kept moist. This may be problematic at night when the water flow is reduced or when there are power failures.

===References===* UTchobanoglous, G., Burton, F. L. and Stensel, H.SD. EPA (20002004). [httpWastewater Engineering://waterTreatment and Reuse, Metcalf & Eddy, 4th Ed.epa(Internat.gov/scitech/wastetech/upload/2002_06_28_mtb_trickling_filterEd.pdf Wastewater Technology Fact Sheet). McGraw- Trickling FiltersHill, New York, 832-F-00-014]. US [http://www.epapp.gov Environmental Protection Agency], Washington. Design summary including tips for trouble shooting890-930.(Book; Detailed description and example calculations)

* Ulrich, A. (Ed.), Reuter, S. (Ed.), Gutterer, B. (Ed.), Sasse, L., Panzerbieter, T. and Reckerzügel, T. (19982009). [httphttps://wwwwedc-knowledge.lboro.indiawaterportalac.org/sitesuk/indiawaterportal.orgresources/filesbooks/Decentralised_%20wastewater_%20treatment_%20in_%20developing_%20countries_A_%20handbook_%20by_%20BORDA_1998DEWATS_-_Chapter_01.pdf DEWATS: Decentralised Wastewater Treatment Systems (DEWATS) and Sanitation in Developing Countries. A Practical Guide]. BORDAWEDC, Bremen Overseas Research and Development AssociationLoughborough University, BremenLeicestershire, Germany. Provides a short description of the technologyUK.

* Tchobanoglous, GU., Burton, FL. and Stensel, HDS. EPA (20032000). [httphttps://bookswww3.googleepa.comgov/booksnpdes/aboutpubs/Wastewater_Engineering_Treatment_and_Reutrickling_filt_nitrification.html?id=L1MAXTAkL-QC pdf Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Reuse, 4th EditionTechnology Fact Sheet. Trickling Filters]. Metcalf & Eddy832-F-00-014. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, New YorkWashington, D. pp 890–930 C. Detailed description and example calculations, US.(Design summary including tips for trouble shooting)

===Acknowledgements===