[[Image:transparency photo.png|thumb|right|200px|“No one would let us touch the village water point,” explains Ram Rati Malik from Beli, Nepal. Her ethnic group was excluded and so had to drink water from this pond. Photo: © Marco Betti. [http://www.waterintegritynetwork.net/images/stories/WIN_Library/win_brochure.pdf WIN]]][[Image:Trans & Accnt.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Advocacy in Haiti supports transparency. Photo: [httphttps://www.rescue.org/blog/pledwaye-ann-ayiti-advocacy-haiti rescue.org]]]
===Water and Integrity===
Improving water and WASH governance requires improving integrity where specifically strengthening the aspects of transparency, accountability, and participation (TAP) is crucial. Massive investments and aid flowing into the water sector makes it highly vulnerable to corruption. Estimates by the World Bank suggest that 20–40 percent of water sector finances are being lost to dishonest practices. Corruption comes in many different forms and the scope varies across water practices, governance structures and the perceptions and norms of actors involved. Typical examples of corruption include falsified meter readings, distorted site selection of projects, collusion and favouritism in public procurement, and nepotism in the allocation of public offices. In the water sector, observers’ estimate that 20 per cent to 70 per cent of resources could be saved if transparency were optimised and corruption eliminated (GCR 2008). The significant negative impacts of corruption on economic performance, growth and human development are treated as a tenet and control of corruption a core indicator for good governance. To know more about water, WASH, corruption and integrity, visit: www.waterintegrity.org
{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5"
|-
| style="color: white; background-color:#4682B4; text-align: center" |'''Process
| style="color: white; background-color:#4682B4; text-align: center; width:35%" |'''Public-Public'''
| style="color: white; background-color:#4682B4; text-align: center" |'''Public-Private'''
| style="color: white; background-color:#4682B4; text-align: center" |'''Public-Consumer'''
|-
| style="color: black; background-color:#f0f8ff;" |'''Policy making & regulation'''
| style="color: black; background-color:#f0f8ff;" |• Policy & regulatory capture on Water Resource Management
• Collusion for cover-up
| style="color: black; background-color:#f0f8ff;" |• Bribery for water permits, Environmental Impact Assessment or pollution cover up
| style="color: black; background-color:#f0f8ff;" |• Bribe to silence public protests
|-
|'''Planning & budgeting'''
|• Distortions in decision on locations, priorities
• Diversion of funds<br>
• Falsification of budget
|• Bribe to influence fund allocation
|• Denied access to project plan, budget amount
|-
| style="color: black; background-color:#f0f8ff;" |'''Tendering & procurement'''
| style="color: black; background-color:#f0f8ff;" |• Cover up, collusion, favouritism in procurement processes
| style="color: black; background-color:#f0f8ff;" |• Kickbacks to influence or secure contracts
• Collusion for inferior material supply
| style="color: black; background-color:#f0f8ff;" |• Distorted information shared about bidding process
|-
|'''Construction phase'''
|• Approve poor quality construction
|• Not building to specifications
• False invoicing<br>
• Underpayment of labour
|• Corruption in community based construction projects
|-
| style="color: black; background-color:#f0f8ff;" |'''Operation & maintenance'''
| style="color: black; background-color:#f0f8ff;" |• Ignoring Operation & Maintenance (O&M)
| style="color: black; background-color:#f0f8ff;" |• False documents to show O&M undertaken
| style="color: black; background-color:#f0f8ff;" |• Bribe for illegal connections
|}
Table: Corruption across stakeholder relations. Credit: Water Integrity Network
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===FAQ on water integrity===
===The IRC programme for Transparency & Accountability===
[http://www.ircircwash.nl/ International Water and Sanitation Centre (org IRC)] has a programme that supports improved transparency and accountability to reduce sector corruption through activities including advocacy, action research, dissemination of publications, events and training and advice.
* '''Developing a water anti-corruption strategy in Mozambique''': The IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre are supporting Cowater Consultores Lda. to develop an appropriate anti-corruption strategy and plan with the Direcção Nacional de Águas (DNA) in Mozambique.
{{#widget:PreventCorruption}}
===Field experiences===
The project(s) below are currently using Transparency & Accountability methods.
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|[[Image:akvorsr logo_lite.png|center|60px|link=http://akvo.org/products/rsr/]]
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|[[Image:project 559.png |thumb|center|140px|<font size="2"><center>[http://rsr.akvo.org/project/559/ RSR Project 559]<br>Promoting sustainable access to WASH services</center></font>|link=http://rsr.akvo.org/project/559/ ]]
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===Links===
* [http://www.irc.nl/content/download/152546/518181/file/ACRA%201%20Intervision%20role%20play.doc Intervision Role Play]. IRC. A summary of the role play exercise that is highly suitable and informative for analysing problems, like a lack of transparency and corruption in water and sanitation, within small groups. * [http://www.waterintegritynetwork.net/tool-sheetstools/tool-sheets Tool sheetsfor Water Integrity]: A brief about various tools for assessing integrity in the water sector. Some of the tool manuals are detailed below.
* [http://www.waterintegritynetwork.net/images2015/stories02/WIN_AWIS_Manual_Web.pdf AWIS: The Annotated Water 27/school-toilets-and-integrity Scan/ School Toilets and Integrity] is a diagnostic tool for multi-stakeholder workshops to assess levels of integrity. ASSESSING THE SCHOOL WASH PROBLEM IN ANDRHA PRADESH WITH AN INTEGRITY LENS.
* [http://www.waterintegritynetwork.net/images2012/stories10/WIN_Library29/win_ip_manual.pdf how-the-human-right-to-water-and-sanitation-gives-a-new-drive-to-water-integrity/ How the Human Right to Water and Sanitation Gives a New Drive to Water Integrity Pacts]: This tool can be used to improve integrity in procurement processesA STEP IN SHARPENING THE LENS TO EVALUATE THE IMPACT OF CORRUPTION IN THE WATER SECTOR.
* [http://www.watergovernance.org/documents/WGF/Reports/Trainin_Manual/Final_training-manual-English.pdf Training manual on water Integrity] - This training manual deals with the issue of integrity and anti-corruption in the water.
* [http://www.waterintegritynetwork.net/images2015/stories05/Tool_Sheet_TAPrisk.pdf TAP Risks]22/tackling- It is a tool that allows gaining a better understanding of the -integrity of water service provision-risks-faced-by-river-basin-organizations/ Tackling the Integrity Risks Faced by River Basin Organizations]. The tool identifies relevant stakeholders and assesses the integrity of their relationships in terms of transparency, accountability and participation ADAPTING THE INTEGRITY MANAGEMENT TOOLBOX TO SUPPORT River Basin Organizations (TAPRBO)s.
* [http://gateway.transparency.org/files/uploads/Education,_Health__Water_Topic_Guide.pdf Corruption Assessment in Basic Services]: Defines corruption assessment in basic services as these tools and methods which aim to diagnose corruption and/or corruption risks in the delivery of education, health and water and sanitation services.
* [http://www.waterintegritynetwork.net/images2015/stories02/WIN_Library26/advocacy_guide_2010.pdf Advocacy Guidecommunication-and-training/ Communication and Awareness-Raising]: The Advocacy Guide is a toolbox for advocating Raising awareness and campaigning on water integrity inspiring actionthrough transparency, advocacy and capacity development.
* [http://www.citizenreportcard.com/ Citizen Report Cards (CRC)]: This interactive learning tool is designed to assist individuals and organizations interested in carrying out a Citizen Report Card (CRC) study in the water and sanitation sector.
* [http://www.thewaterchannel.tv/es/videos/categorias/viewvideo/1955media-gallery/5424-webinar-why-water-and-integrity Webinar on water integrity] * [http://www.thewaterchannel.tv/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=203 Video links from Water Channel] will be shared on Corruption in WASH-community reports by Video Volunteers.
===Acknowledgements===
* GCR - [http://www.irctransparency.nlorg/pagewhatwedo/17346 Transparency and Accountabilitypub/global_corruption_report_2008_corruption_in_the_water_sector Global Corruption Report 2008: Corruption in the water]. IRC.* [http://www.waterintegritynetwork.netWater Integrity Network (WIN)] * [http:/images/storieswww.indiawaterportal.org/WIN_Librarytopics/win_brochurecorruption-and-integrity Corruption and Integrity], [http://www.pdf waterintegrityforum.com/?page_id=858 Water Integrity NetworkForum Background Paper]* [http: Fighting corruption in water worldwide//www.ircwash.org/news/transparency-and-integrity Transparency and integrity]. WINIRC.
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