Changes

__NOTOC__[[Image:safe_water_systems_icon.png{{Language-box|right]][[Image:setup of WATAsol.jpgenglish_link= The WATA device |thumbfrench_link= Coming soon |rightspanish_link= Coming soon |250pxhindi_link= Coming soon |Setup of WATAsol, with electrodes in salt water.]][[Image:Bubbles.jpgmalayalam_link= Coming soon |thumbtamil_link= Coming soon |rightswahili_link=coming soon |250pxkorean_link= Coming soon |Bubbles produced during electrolysis.]][[Image:Line of products.jpgchinese_link=WATA设备 |thumbindonesian_link= Coming soon |right|250px|Line of products: from left to right the mini-WATA, reugular WATA and Maxi-WATA]]japanese_link= Coming soon }}

The Watasol is simple a device which produces active chlorine from salt water using electrolysis[[Image:Tinkisso tem with bottles.png |thumb|200px|[https://www. The device consists of two tungsten electrodes in a plastic container, and a transformerantenna. The active chlorine forms hydrochloric acid when added to ch/en/water-hygiene/guinea/ Tinkisso-Antenna] employees in Guinea holding Maxi-WATA devices. As the active chlorine has a very strong oxidizing power, is destroys almost all pathogenic germs including diarrhoeal diseases, dysentery, cholera, typhoid fever, salmonellosis and hepatitis A. ]]

The WATA device and its makes use was designed by [http://www.antenna.ch/en/drinking-water.html Antenna Technologies] based on the norms of the World Health organization on for example the accepted quality simple process of water, amount of chlorine needed electrolysis (electrochlorination) to disinfect 1L produce sodium hypochlorite at a concentration of 5 grams per liter using only salt and water and as inputs. As the active chlorine has a strong oxidizing power, it effectively inactivates the acceptable amount vast majority of free residual chlorinedisease-causing bacteria and viruses.

When chlorine is added Chlorine began to water, it has three separate effects:# Some chlorine reacts through oxidation with organic matter and pathogens be widely used as a disinfectant in the early 1900’s. It revolutionized drinking water treatment and kills themdramatically reduced the incidence of waterborne diseases. This portion is called consumed In many countries, including the United States, chlorine.# Some chlorine reacts with other organic matter and forms new chlorine compounds. This portion is called combined chlorine.# Excess chlorine that is not consumed or combined remains in the water. This portion is called free residual chlorine (FRC). The free residual chlorine helps prevent recontamination of the treated most widely used chemical for waterdisinfection.

Chlorine began to be widely Sodium hypochlorite is one form of chlorine used as a disinfectant in the early 1900’sfor water disinfection. It revolutionized drinking water treatment and dramatically reduced can be manufactured in remote locations since it can be obtained through the incidence electrolysis of waterborne diseasessalt water. In many bottles of sodium hypochlorite in a wide range of sizes can be purchased from a variety of vendors in countries, among which around the United States, chlorine remains the most widely used chemical world. Chlorine concentrations range from 0.5 to 10% and each product has its own instructions for correct dosing of contaminated water disinfection. One common product containing sodium hypochlorite is liquid household bleach.

Sodium hypochlorite The problem is that in many developing countries chlorine is one form imported rather than produced locally. This steeply increased the price of chlorine used for water disinfectionthe user as it adds transportation, storage, and other related costs. It can be manufactured in most locations since it can be obtained through In addition, the electrolysis quality of salt water. Bottles can be purchased for household water treatment from the sodium hypochlorite, like with many manufacturers other products, degrades in various sizesquality over the course of improper handling and storage over the course of long transportation times. Chlorine concentrations The WATA range from 0.5 devices, developed by Antenna Foundation, allows chlorine to be produced locally to 10% provide chlorine disinfectants for individual households, health centres and each product has its own instructions for correct dosing of contaminated water. Liquid household bleach also contains sodium hypochloritehospitals, and is widely availableemergency relief.

The problem Active chlorine solution is that being produced using the WATA range of devices in many developing over 100 countries, chlorine is imported, rather than produced locally. This increases the price tremendously as it adds transportationIt reaches people in need through local NGOs and community groups, storageinternational organizations, municipal authorities and other related costsprivate enterprises. Often also Since the source and transportation WATA range of devices was first launched in 2009, Antenna Foundation is not reliable in certain remote areashoping to expand their reach further through partnerships, especially with local enterprises. The WATAsol WATA devices, developed have also been incorporated into development programmes led by [http://www.antenna.ch/en/drinking-water.html Antenna Technologies] allow chlorine to be produced locally, on different scales to provide chlorine disinfectants for individual households, health centres and hospitals, and emergency reliefother organizations.

WATAsol is now being produced in around {| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="center"|-! width="50 countries%" style="background:#efefef;" | Advantages! style="background:#f0f8ff;" | Disadvantages|-| valign="top" | - Local production (avoids most storage and transportation problems and environment impacts. It reaches <br>- Generation of income for local communities as the people in need through local NGOs, production also creates employment and local community development opportunities. <br>- Solar versions available for autonomous use. <br>- Quality control is possible at every stage of production and use. <br> - Low cost <br>- Especially suitable for humanitarian response or where armed conflict has led to an embargo on chlorine gas and private enterprisespowder.<br>- Easy to use. <br>- Can be used as a disinfectant for a large range of applications (e. Starting from 2009g. disinfecting laboratory equipment, wounds, cleaning latrines, disinfecting kitchen utensils and surfaces, Antenna Technologies is hoping to expand their reach further through partnershipwashing rough fruits and vegetables etc.).<br>| valign="top" | - Electricity required (but can be run with solar energy)<br>- Education and training for operators are essentials, especially when using Maxi- WATA. <br>- Chlorination can cause the generation of a very low concentration of toxic disinfection by-franchises products (DBPs) in the case of disinfecting water with local enterprises as partnersa high organic matter content. <br>- Dosage might more difficult than with tablets <br>- Only clear water can be used to produce WATA solution and the solution is only effective in treating clear water <br>- The WATAsol has also been incorporated in development programmes led device should only be used by other organizationsa responsible person familiar with the user manual for the relevant WATA device. <br>- Requires wating 30 minutes after treatment before the water is ready for consumption. <br>- Chlorine taste and smell|}

====The concentrate can be used for disinfection WATA Range of barns, cow sheds and their waste water, clothes and fabrics, gutters and roads, and treatment of mycosis fungicides. Though it can be used for the disinfection of surgical equipment, it must be noted that it cannot be used to sterilize these. They must be sterilized in an autoclave or a dry-heat sterilizer.  {{procontable | proDevices====-It allows for the local production of active chlorine, which is much cheaper than importing bleach tablets or other forms of chlorine, as it saves on import tariffs, transportation and storage costs[[File:WATA Range. <br>- The local production also creates employment and local development opportunities. For example, the chlorine concentrate produced can be sold to local health clinics, etc. for cleaning of equipment. <br>- It is very simple<br>- It is very robust and designed to suit the field conditions in developing countries <br> - It comes with a line of products, allowing it to be used on different scales, for different numbers of people and allowing quality control at every step of production. <br>- It is very sustainable and is guaranteed to last for at least 20000 hours. <br>- It has applications other than the disinfection of water, such as the disinfection of tools, utensils, and even wounds. <br>- The concentrate produced is less toxic than bleach an therefore safer and more user friendly.<br>jpg|thumb|200x200px| con= - The chlorine concentrate cannot eliminate contamination from chemical pollutants such as pesticides, fertilizers, or heavy metals[https://www.<br>- When used on surgical equipment, it does not fully sterilize these, but it does disinfectantenna. <br>- Users must receive clear instructions, to avoid using a wrong doseage.- Raw ch/en/activities/water for both chlorine production and for drinking water purpose should be considerably clear, so that WATA kit and the chlorine take effects, respectively <br>- The device must only be used by adults <br>hygiene/range- WATA maxi needs connection to electricity grid <br>- Not ready drinkable since people should wait for 30 minutes after the treatment process <br>}} ==Construction, operations and maintenance==wata/ The effectiveness range of chlorine depends on the turbidity, the organic matter content, the temperature and the pH of the water being treated. For high turbidity levels, the water should first be filtered through a cloth or sedimented before adding chlorine. These processes will remove some of the suspended particles WATA devices] and improve the reaction between the chlorine and pathogens. reagents]]The device comes in three types, to be used four models for different scales of chlorine production: the Mini-WATA kit(0.5L of solution), the miniWATA-Standard (2L of solution), WATA -Plus (15L of solution) and the maxiMaxi-WATA(60L of solution). The miniMini-WATA is a variation of the WATAsol that fits into a regular water bottle. It produces active chlorine to treat up to 4800 litres of water per day, which is enough clean water for the daily needs of 240 people. It can run on 5V/1A but requires a minimum of 10W. The regular WATA produces enough water to treat 48,000 litres of water per day, providing clean water for 2400 people. It runs on 12V/4A. The maxi-Standard and the WATA produces chlorine to treat 720,000 litres -Plus are all capable of running off of water, providing for 36,000 people. It runs on a 24V/30A electric networksolar energy source allowing them to be deployed in regions that lack stable access to electricity.  WATA The devices can produce between 1.take 2 litres and 180 litres of hours to convert the brine solution to active chlorine each daysolution. Each Once the process is finished, one litre of that solution is good for disinfecting 45,000 litres of water. The regular WATAsol produces 1L/hr of active chlorine. It is designed to produce 2-10L per procedure.

To produce the chlorine concentrate, first a salt solution needs to be made[[Image:WATA Instructions. If highly refined salt is used, this can be directly mixed with fresh water at a concentration of 25g/L and stirred until fully dissolved png|thumb|200px|Instructions to produce create the salt solution. If the salt is not fully refined, it is first made into saturated brine and then mixed into the water solution to be electrolyzed at a concentration of 80ml/L; such that about 1/13 of the solution is brinetransformed into sodium hypochlorite. Both procedures lead to Taken from the same concentration of salt in the solution.WATA manual]] To prepare the brine, a (non-metallic) container is filled with clear water. A large amount of salt is added (about 400g per liter of water) and the mixture is shaken for half an hour till as much salt as possible is dissolved. To make sure the solution is saturated, there The device should only be some salt remaining at the bottom of the containerused by adults. If no excess salt is visible, more is added till the solution is saturated. This can then The user guide should be mixed with the fresh water.  Once the salt solution is ready, the WATA device is immersedcarefully read before use. The body of the WATA chlorination however should be completely covered supervised by the solution but the stems should stick out above the surface. The power supply of the WATA device (of 110V or 220V) is plugged in. The device works on 12 V direct current. It can be plugged directly into a car battery, car battery charger or solar panel. A grid or diesel generator delivering alternating current can also be used with the provided transformerqualified person.

If The only input needed for the electrolysis production of sodium hypochlorite at 5 grams per liter is occurring properlysalt water at a concentration of 25 grams per liter. To arrive at this concentration, bubbles are formed immediatelyfirst prepare a brine and then mix 1 unit of brine for 3 units of clear water for the required amount of salt water. The electrolysis takes an hour per litreamount of salt water needed for production varies by device. To prepare the brine, producing a chlorine concentrate (non-metallic) container is filled with clear water. A large amount of 6g/Lsalt is added (about 400g per liter of water) and the mixture is shaken for half an hour till as much salt as possible is dissolved. The chlorine concentrate To make sure the solution is saturated, there should be used within three weeks some salt remaining at the bottom of productionthe container. Notable If no excess salt is that full containers last longer than half-empty onesvisible, due more is added till the solution is saturated. It can be stored for up to six months and can then be mixed with fresh water for production. The water used to prepare the effects of dissolving oxigenbrine solution also needs to be clear as high turbidity levels will interfere with the electrolysis process.

=====Use=====The chlorine concentrate Once the salt solution is then added to ready, the water to WATA device should be disinfectedtotally immersed in the solution. It should be shaken thoroughly Connect the WATA device to the power supply and left for 30 minutesturn on the machine. There should be 0The amount of time it takes to The power supply of the WATA device (of 110V or 220V) is plugged in.5-1The device works on 12 V direct current.0mg/L of residual chlorine leftIt can be plugged directly into a car battery, car battery charger or solar panel. The level of chlorine A grid or diesel generator delivering alternating current can also be measured using used with the WATAblue reagentprovided transformer.

Especially if the Active chlorine concentrate is very sensitive to be sold after production, it is useful to check light and degrades relatively quickly if not stabilized for long term storage. The stabilization process involves raising the concentration pH of the active chlorinesolution and will allow it to be stored up to 3 months. This It can be done using achieved with the WATATest WataStab reagentkit. The concentrate If not stabilizing the solution should be stored in the container provided, tightly closed and clearly labeled used with the production date24 hours if disinfecting drinking water. It should can be stored in a dark placefor longer if destined for cleaning purposes, away from although the sun. The container concentration will deteriorate over time and it should be kept full if possible, since air will oxidize the concentratemeasured before use to ensure an adequate level of disinfection.

The ====Use for Water Disinfection====[[Image:Tinkisso team holding Wata Standard.png|thumb|right|200px| [https://www.antenna.ch/en/water-hygiene/guinea/ Antenna-Tinkisso] sells bottles of sodium hypochlorite for water disinfection under the brand name Chlor'C.]]When sodium hypochlorite is added to water the active chlorine concentrate produced is not very dangerous, it involved in three separate reactions:*Active chlorine reacts through oxidation with organic matter and pathogens in the water and kills them. This portion is less toxic than bleachcalled consumed chlorine. In case of contact, rinse well *Some chlorine reacts with other organic matter and forms new chlorine compounds. This portion is called combined chlorine.*Excess chlorine that is not consumed or combined remains in the water. Inhalation could be dangerousThis portion is called free residual chlorine (FRC). It should be kept away from childrenThe free residual chlorine helps prevent recontamination of the treated water.

The treated After the chlorine is added the water should be stored in a cleanshaken or stirred thoroughly and left for 30 minutes. After this time, opaque, closed containerthere should be 0.5-1.0 mg/L of free residual chlorine (FRC) left. This is the minimum level of FRC is needed to ensure adequate disinfection. The WATA device, equipment, and containers used should FRC levels can be rinsed thoroughly after every proceduremeasured using the WataBlue reagent.

====Manufacturing====The WATA device is a registered product from Antenna TechnologiesNote that the effectiveness of chlorine for disinfecting water depends on the turbidity, the organic matter content, the temperature and the pH of the water being treated. The WATA kit includes: * Power supply For high turbidity levels (12V/ 5A>5 turbidity units)* Electric transformer * 50ml and 5ml syringe * Spoon , the water should use a filtration or sedimentation technique to measure salt (± 25g) * Opaque plastic recipient container (±2remove excess suspended solids before adding chlorine. This is because the suspended solids will consume the active chlorine needed for inactivation of microbes.5L)

Extra materials needed to produce The chlorine concentrate are: * Salt* Clearproduced is not very dangerous; it is less toxic than bleach. In case of skin or eye contact, fresh rinse well with water* Containers for salt solution and brine, and . Prolonged inhalation of the chlorine fumes could be dangerous. It should be kept away from children. The treated watershould be stored in a clean, opaque, closed container. * Power source (car batteryThe WATA device, solar panelequipment, etcand containers used should be rinsed thoroughly after every procedure.)

====Other Applications====The chlorine concentrate is suitable for various applications apart from disinfecting water (chlorine refers to sodium hypochlorite at 5 grams of active chlorine per liter): *Dakin’s solution for disinfecting wounds: No particular experts dilution (use full concentration of active chlorine at 5 grams per liter) *To clean floors, bathrooms or trained workers are required for production of latrines: 1 part chlorine concentrateis diluted with 2 parts water. The device should only be used by adultsIt needs 5 minutes to react, after which it is rinsed with drinking water. The user guide should be carefully read before use*To wash hands: 1 part chlorine is diluted with 11 parts water. The chlorination however It needs 5 minutes to react, after which the food should be supervised by a qualified personrinsed with drinking water.

It is advisable Devices need to treat be rinsed after each procedure with clean water. If after several uses you notice white marks on the WATA device after about 150 hours , prepare a mixture of use50% vinegar (or lemon juice) and 50% clean water. The miniFor the Mini-WATA and regular WATA can be treated by immersing them in a container filled -Standard, leave the device to soak for several hours (overnight for example) and then rinse it with lemon juice or vinegar for a nightclear water. Never scrub the titanium plates. The maxiWATA-Plus and Maxi-WATA needs need to be treated with diluted sulphuric acid or hydrochloric acidsoaked for at least 24 hours and be completely immersed in 6-10 liters of the same vinegar & clean water mixture.

The Properly used, well maintained and carefully stored after each use, WATA device is expected devices are designed to operate for about 2010,000 operating hours. If used for 12 hours a day, 7 days a week, it would last about 4.or around 5 years. ==Costs==Excluding shipping, the costs are: * Mini-WATA kit: 40 euros* WATA kit: 200 euros* Maxi-WATA kit: 1700 euros* WATA blue reagent: free if a WATA kit is bought* WATATest reagent: free if a WATA kit is bought  After the initial set-up costs, the cost of using a WATA kit has been estimated at 0.01 euros per litre of concentrate, cleaning 4000 litres of water. ==Field Experiences==The WATAsol has been supplied to partners and is being used in around 50 countries including: Angola, Bangladesh, Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chile, Congo-Brazzaville, Côte d'Ivoire, [http://www.antenna.ch/en/drinking_water/wata_drc_en.html Democratic Republic of Congo], Djibouti, Ecuador, [http://www.antenna.ch/en/drinking_water/wata_guinea_en.html Guinea Conakry], Haiti, India, Iran, Italy, Kenya, Laos, Madagascar, [http://www.antenna.ch/en/drinking_water/wata_mali_en.html Mali], Mauritania, Mozambique, Myanmar, [http://www.antenna.ch/en/drinking_water/wata_nepal_en.html Nepal], Niger, Reunion, San Salvador, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Vietnam and Zimbabwe. '''Mali'''<br>In [http://www.antenna.ch/en/drinking_water/wata_mali_en.html Mali], Antenna Technologies is working with the local NGO Formations Sans Frontieres, on a programme to provide 10 health centres with WATA devices to take care of the hygiene in the centres as well as provide safe drinking water to the community. '''Nepal'''<br>In [http://www.antenna.ch/en/drinking_water/wata_nepal_en.html Nepal], they launched a project together with the ECCA, Environmental Camps for Conservation Awareness. It will provide WATA kits to schools in poor and rural areas throughout Nepaluse.

'''DMC'''<br>====Costs====In Visit the Watatechnology.com webshop for the pricing of the WATA range of devices: [httphttps://wwwwatatechnology.antenna.chcom/en/drinking_waterorder/wata_drc_en.html Democratic Republic of Congo], Antenna supports a women-led programme which provides education and WATA kits to individual households, to ensure safe water on a household level and reduce common waterborne diseases such as cholera.

==Reference manuals, videos, and links==Field Experiences====* [[Image:WATA device in Spring Health.png|thumb|200px| The WATA-Standard is the source of chlorine used to disinfect the drinking water [http://www.antennapaulpolak.chcom/en_slide/drinking_waterspring-heath/wata-productsSpring Health] delivers to rural households in Odisha, India.html ]]The WATA kit manualsrange of devices is being used in over 100 countries including: Angola, provided by Antenna TechnologiesBangladesh, Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chile, Congo-Brazzaville, Côte d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of Congo, Djibouti, Ecuador, Guinea Conakry, Haiti, India, Iran, Italy, Kenya, Laos, Madagascar, Mali, Mauritania, Mozambique, Myanmar, Nepal, Niger, Reunion, San Salvador, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Vietnam and Zimbabwe.]* '''Guinea:''' Tinkisso-Antenna sells 250 mL flaks of sodium hypochlorite solution produced with WATA devices across the country. More information on Tinkisso-Antenna’s work here: [httphttps://www.antenna.ch/en/drinking_waterwater-hygiene/wata-qualityguinea/]*'''India:''' Antenna Foundation has two partners in India using two different business models to bring chlorine to rural households. Spring Health delivers drinking water to rural households that has been chlorinated with sodium hypochlorite produced using the WATA device.html Quality control reagent manualsTARA produces sodium hypochlorite, provided by bottles it and then uses a network of micro franchisors and partners to reach the end consumer in rural households. More information on Antenna Technologies.]* Foundation’s work with Spring Health and TARA available here: [httphttps://www.antenna.ch/en/drinking_wateractivities/watawater-description.html Description of the WATA device on the website of Antenna Technologies.]* [[Solution_of_the_week_3|Akvo water solution of the week 3.]hygiene/india/]

==Acknowledgements==Further Reading====* WATA devices and reagents tutorial videos : [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLLCDBpdIkWj1W4UtNrMnV5Eiblhl1eslm]* Short video on the WATA device produced by Antenna Foundation for World Water Day 2017: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nNTr8wJqooM]* Antenna Foundation’s Water & Hygiene department: [https://www.antenna.ch/en/water-hygiene/] * Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) about the WATA range of devices: [https://watatechnology.com/fr/faq/]