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The Watasol is WATA® device makes use of the simple process of electrolysis to produce sodium hypochlorite at a device which produces active chlorine from concentration of 6 grams per liter using only salt water using electrolysis. The device consists of two tungsten electrodes in a plastic container, and a transformer. The active chlorine forms hydrochloric acid when added to wateras inputs. As the active chlorine has a very strong oxidizing power, is destroys almost all pathogenic germs including diarrhoeal diseases, dysentery, cholera, typhoid fever, salmonellosis it effectively inactivates the vast majority of disease-causing bacteria and hepatitis Aviruses.

The WATA device Chlorine began to be widely used as a disinfectant in the early 1900’s. It revolutionized drinking water treatment and its use was designed by [http://www.antenna.ch/en/ Antenna Technologies] based on dramatically reduced the norms incidence of waterborne diseases. In many countries, including the World Health organization on for example the accepted quality of waterUnited States, amount of chlorine needed to disinfect 1L of remains the most widely used chemical for water and the acceptable amount of free residual chlorinedisinfection.

'''When Sodium hypochlorite is one form of chlorine is added to used for water, disinfection. It can be manufactured in remote locations since it has three separate effects:'''# Some chlorine reacts can be obtained through oxidation with organic matter and pathogens in the electrolysis of salt water and kills them. This portion is called consumed chlorine.# Some chlorine reacts with other organic matter and forms new chlorine compounds. This portion is called combined chlorine.# Excess chlorine that is not consumed or combined remains In bottles of sodium hypochlorite in a wide range of sizes can be purchased from a variety of vendors in countries around the waterworld. This portion is called free residual chlorine (FRC)Chlorine concentrations range from 0. The free residual chlorine helps prevent recontamination 5 to 10% and each product has its own instructions for correct dosing of the treated contaminated water. One common product containing sodium hypochlorite is liquid household bleach.

Chlorine began to be widely used as a disinfectant The problem is that in the early 1900’smany developing countries chlorine is imported rather than produced locally. It revolutionized drinking water treatment and dramatically reduced This steeply increased the incidence price of waterborne diseaseschlorine for the user as it adds transportation, storage, and other related costs. In addition, the quality of the sodium hypochlorite, like with many countriesother products, among which degrades in quality over the United Statescourse of improper handling and storage over the course of long transportation times. The WATA® range devices, developed by Antenna Foundation, allows chlorine remains the most widely used chemical to be produced locally to provide chlorine disinfectants for water disinfectionindividual households, health centres and hospitals, and emergency relief.

Sodium hypochlorite Active chlorine solution is one form being produced using the WATA® range of chlorine used for water disinfectiondevices in over 100 countries. It can be manufactured reaches people in most locations since it can be obtained need through local NGOs and community groups, international organizations, municipal authorities and private enterprises. Since the electrolysis WATA® range of salt water. Bottles can be purchased for household water treatment from many manufacturers devices was first launched in various sizes. Chlorine concentrations range from 0.5 2009, Antenna Foundation is hoping to 10% and each product has its own instructions for correct dosing of contaminated waterexpand their reach further through partnerships, especially with local enterprises. Liquid household bleach The WATA® devices have also contains sodium hypochlorite, and is widely availablebeen incorporated into development programmes led by other organizations.

WATAsol is now being produced in around 50 countries. It reaches the people in need through local NGOs, and local community and private enterprises. Starting from 2009, Antenna Technologies is hoping to expand their reach further through partnership-franchises with local enterprises as partners. The WATAsol has also been incorporated in development programmes led by other organizations.  ===Suitable ConditionsThe WATA® range of devices===The concentrate is suitable device comes in five models for various applicationsdifferent scales of chlorine production:* To wash food: 1 part concentrate is diluted with 100 parts waterMini-WATA® (0. It needs 5 minutes to react5L of solution), after which the food should be rinsed with drinking water. * To clean dishesWATA-Standard® (2L of solution), kitchen utensilsWATA-Plus® (15L of solution), work surfaces: 1 part concentrate is diluted with 5 parts waterMidi-WATA® (30L of solution) and Maxi-WATA® (60L of solution). It takes 5 minutes The Mini-WATA®, the WATA-Standard® and the WATA-Plus® are all capable of running off of a solar energy source allowing them to be deployed in regions that lack stable access to react, after which it is rinsed with drinking waterelectricity. * To clean floors, bathrooms or latrines: 1 part concentrate is diluted with 3 parts waterThe devices take between 2. It needs 5 minutes to react, after which it is rinsed with drinking water& 4. * To disinfect pipettes, tubes or other laboratory equipment: 1 part concentrate is diluted with 1 part water. It needs at least 12 5 hours to react, after which it should be rinsed with drinking waterconvert the brine solution to active chlorine solution.  The concentrate can be used for disinfection of barns, cow sheds and their waste water, clothes and fabrics, gutters and roadsOnce the process is finished, and treatment one litre of mycosis fungicides. Though it can be used that solution is good for the disinfection disinfecting 4,000 litres of surgical equipment, it must be noted that it cannot be used to sterilize these. They must be sterilized in an autoclave or a dry-heat sterilizerwater.

| valign="top" | -It allows for the local Local production of active chlorine, which is much cheaper than importing bleach tablets or other forms of chlorine, as it saves on import tariffs, (avoids most storage and transportation problems and storage costsenvironment impacts. <br>- The Generation of income for local communities as the local production also creates employment and local development opportunities. For example, the chlorine concentrate produced can be sold to local health clinics, etc. <br>- Solar versions available for cleaning of equipmentautonomous use. <br>- It Quality control is very simplepossible at every stage of production and use. <br>- It is very robust and designed to suit the field conditions in developing countries Low cost <br> - It comes with a line of products, allowing it Especially suitable for humanitarian response or where armed conflict has led to be used an embargo on different scales, for different numbers of people chlorine gas and allowing quality control at every step of productionpowder. <br>- It is very sustainable and is guaranteed Easy to last for at least 20000 hoursuse. <br>- It has Can be used as a disinfectant for a large range of applications other than the disinfection of water(e.g. disinfecting laboratory equipment, wounds, such as the disinfection of toolscleaning latrines, disinfecting kitchen utensilsand surfaces, washing rough fruits and even woundsvegetables etc. <br>- The concentrate produced is less toxic than bleach an therefore safer and more user friendly).<br>| valign="top" | - The chlorine concentrate cannot eliminate contamination from chemical pollutants such as pesticides, fertilizers, or heavy metals.Electricity required (but can be run with solar energy)<br>- When used on surgical equipmentEducation and training for operators are essentials, it does not fully sterilize these, but it does disinfectespecially when using Maxi- WATA®. <br>- Users must receive clear instructions, to avoid using Chlorination can cause the generation of a very low concentration of toxic disinfection by-products (DBPs) in the case of disinfecting water with a wrong doseagehigh organic matter content.<br>- Raw Dosage might more difficult than with tablets <br>- Only clear water for both chlorine production and for drinking water purpose should can be considerably clear, so that WATA kit used to produce WATA® solution and the chlorine take effects, respectively solution is only effective in treating clear water <br>- The device must should only be used by adults <br>- a responsible person familiar with the user manual for the relevant WATA maxi needs connection to electricity grid device.<br>- Not ready drinkable since people should wait for Requires wating 30 minutes after treatment before the treatment process water is ready for consumption. <br>- Chlorine taste and smell

===Construction, operations and maintenanceThe WATA Range of Devices===The effectiveness of chlorine depends on the turbidity, the organic matter content, the temperature and the pH of the water being treated. For high turbidity levels, the water should first be filtered through a cloth or sedimented before adding chlorine. These processes will remove some of the suspended particles and improve the reaction between the chlorine and pathogens.  The device comes in three types, to be used five models for different scales of chlorine production: the WATA kitMini-WATA® (0.5L of solution), the mini-WATA and the maxi-Standard® (2L of solution), WATA. The mini-WATA is a variation Plus® (15L of the WATAsol that fits into a regular water bottle. It produces active chlorine to treat up to 4800 litres of water per daysolution), which is enough clean water for the daily needs Midi-WATA® (30L of 240 people. It can run on 5V/1A but requires a minimum solution) and Maxi-WATA® (60L of 10Wsolution). The regular Mini-WATA®, the WATA produces enough water to treat 48,000 litres of water per day, providing clean water for 2400 people. It runs on 12V/4A. The maxi-Standard® and the WATA produces chlorine to treat 720,000 litres -Plus® are all capable of running off of water, providing for 36,000 people. It runs on a 24V/30A electric networksolar energy source allowing them to be deployed in regions that lack stable access to electricity.  WATA The devices can produce take between 12.2 litres and 180 litres of 5 & 4.5 hours to convert the brine solution to active chlorine each daysolution. Each Once the process is finished, one litre of that solution is good for disinfecting 4,000 litres of water. The regular WATAsol produces 1L/hr of active chlorine. It is designed to produce 2-10L per procedure.

To produce the chlorine concentrate, first a salt solution needs to The device should only be madeused by adults. If highly refined salt is used, this can The user guide should be directly mixed with fresh water at a concentration of 25g/L and stirred until fully dissolved to produce the salt solutioncarefully read before use. If the salt is not fully refined, it is first made into saturated brine and then mixed into the solution to The chlorination however should be electrolyzed at supervised by a concentration of 80ml/L; such that about 1/13 of the solution is brine. Both procedures lead to the same concentration of salt in the solutionqualified person.

The only input needed for the production of sodium hypochlorite at 6 grams per liter is salt water at a concentration of 25 grams per liter. To arrive at this concentration, first prepare a brine and then mix 1 unit of brine for 3 units of clear water for the required amount of salt water. The amount of salt water needed for production varies by device. To prepare the brine, a (non-metallic) container is filled with clear water. A large amount of salt is added (about 400g per liter of water) and the mixture is shaken for half an hour till as much salt as possible is dissolved. To make sure the solution is saturated, there should be some salt remaining at the bottom of the container. If no excess salt is visible, more is added till the solution is saturated. This It can be stored for up to six months and can then be mixed with the fresh waterfor production. The water used to prepare the brine solution also needs to be clear as high turbidity levels will interfere with the electrolysis process.

Once the salt solution is ready, the WATA device is should be totally immersedin the solution. The body of Connect the WATA should be completely covered by the solution but device to the stems should stick out above power supply and turn on the surfacemachine. The amount of time it takes to The power supply of the WATA device (of 110V or 220V) is plugged in. The device works on 12 V direct current. It can be plugged directly into a car battery, car battery charger or solar panel. A grid or diesel generator delivering alternating current can also be used with the provided transformer.

If the electrolysis Active chlorine is occurring properly, bubbles are formed immediatelyvery sensitive to light and degrades relatively quickly if not stabilized for long term storage. The electrolysis takes an hour per litrestabilization process involves raising the pH of the chlorine solution and will allow it to be stored up to 6 months. However, producing it requires proper laboratory equipment and should be done by someone trained to work in a chlorine concentrate of 6g/Llaboratory setting. The chlorine concentrate If not stabilizing the solution should be used within three weeks of productionwith 24 hours if disinfecting drinking water. Notable is that full containers last It can be stored for longer than half-empty onesif destined for cleaning purposes, due although the concentration will deteriorate over time and it should be measured before use to the effects ensure an adequate level of dissolving oxigendisinfection.

Especially if the chlorine concentrate is to be sold after production, it =====Use for Water Disinfection=====When sodium hypochlorite is useful added to check the concentration of water the active chlorineis involved in three separate reactions:*Active chlorine reacts through oxidation with organic matter and pathogens in the water and kills them. This can be done using the WATATest reagentportion is called consumed chlorine. The concentrate should be stored in the container provided, tightly closed *Some chlorine reacts with other organic matter and clearly labeled with the production dateforms new chlorine compounds. This portion is called combined chlorine. It should be stored *Excess chlorine that is not consumed or combined remains in a dark place, away from the sunwater. This portion is called free residual chlorine (FRC). The container should be kept full if possible, since air will oxidize free residual chlorine helps prevent recontamination of the concentratetreated water.

=====Other Applications=====The chlorine concentrate produced is not very dangeroussuitable for various applications apart from disinfecting water (chlorine refers to sodium hypochlorite at 6 grams of active chlorine per liter): *Dakin’s solution for disinfecting wounds: No dilution (use full concentration of active chlorine at 6 grams per liter) *To clean floors, it bathrooms or latrines: 1 part chlorine is less toxic than bleachdiluted with 2 parts water. In case of contactIt needs 5 minutes to react, rinse well after which it is rinsed with drinking water. Inhalation could be dangerous. It should be kept away from children.  The treated *To wash hands: 1 part chlorine is diluted with 11 parts water should be stored in a clean, opaque, closed container. The WATA deviceIt needs 5 minutes to react, equipment, and containers used after which the food should be rinsed thoroughly after every procedurewith drinking water.

It is advisable Devices need to treat be rinsed after each procedure with clean water. If after several uses you notice white marks on the WATA device after about 150 hours WATA®, prepare a mixture of use50% vinegar (or lemon juice) and 50% clean water. The miniFor the Mini-WATA® and WATA -Standard®, leave the device to soak for several hours (overnight for example) and regular WATA can be treated by immersing them in a container filled then rinse it with lemon juice or vinegar for a nightclear water. Never scrub the titanium plates. The maxiWATA-Plus®, Midi-WATA® and Maxi-WATA needs WATA® need to be treated with diluted sulphuric acid or hydrochloric acidsoaked for at least 24 hours and be completely immersed in 6-10 liters of the same vinegar & clean water mixture.

The WATA device is expected Properly used, well maintained and carefully stored after each use, WATA® devices are designed to operate for about 2010,000 operating hours. If used for 12 hours a day, 7 days a week, it would last about 4.or around 5 yearsof use.

Excluding shipping, Visit the costs are: * Mini-WATA kit: 40 euros* WATA kit: 200 euros* Maxi-WATA kit: 1700 euros* WATA blue reagent: free if a WATA kit is bought* WATATest reagent: free if a WATA kit is bought  After Antenna webshop for the initial set-up costs, pricing of the cost WATA® range of using a WATA kit has been estimated at 0devices: [https://antenna.01 euros per litre of concentrate, cleaning 4000 litres of waterodoo.com/shop]

The WATAsol has been supplied to partners and WATA® range of devices is being used in around 50 over 100 countries including: Angola, Bangladesh, Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chile, Congo-Brazzaville, Côte d'Ivoire, [http://www.antenna.ch/en/research/safe-water/drc Democratic Republic of Congo], Djibouti, Ecuador, [http://www.antenna.ch/en/research/safe-water/guinea Guinea Conakry], Haiti, India, Iran, Italy, Kenya, Laos, Madagascar, [http://www.antenna.ch/en/research/safe-water/mali Mali], Mauritania, Mozambique, Myanmar, [http://www.antenna.ch/en/research/safe-water/nepal Nepal], Niger, Reunion, San Salvador, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Vietnam and Zimbabwe.'''Guinea'''<br>Tinkisso-Antenna sells 250 mL flaks of sodium hypochlorite solution produced with WATA® devices across the country. More information on Tinkisso-Antenna’s work here: [https://www.antenna.ch/en/water-hygiene/guinea/]

'''MaliIndia'''<br>In Antenna Foundation has two partners in India using two different business models to bring chlorine to rural households. Spring Health delivers drinking water to rural households that has been chlorinated with sodium hypochlorite produced using the WATA® device. TARA produces sodium hypochlorite, bottles it and then uses a network of micro franchisors and partners to reach the end consumer in rural households. More information on Antenna Foundation’s work with Spring Health and TARA available here: [httphttps://www.antenna.ch/en/researchwater-hygiene/safe-waterinde/mali Mali], Antenna Technologies is working with the local NGO Formations Sans Frontieres, on a programme to provide 10 health centres with WATA devices to take care of the hygiene in the centres as well as provide safe drinking water to the community.

===Manuals, videos and linksFurther Reading===* Short video on the WATA device produced by Antenna Foundation for World Water Day 2017: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nNTr8wJqooM]* Antenna Foundation’s Water & Hygiene department: [httphttps://www.antenna.ch/en/ WATA kit manuals, provided by Antenna Technologies.water-hygiene/]* Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) about the WATA range of devices: [[Solution_of_the_week_3|Akvo water solution of the week 3https://www.antenna.ch/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/QA.]pdf]