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<!{|style="float: left;"|{{Language-- table at top of page with logo, picture, Application level, Management level, and input-output tables -->box|english_link=Simplified_Sewer|french_link=Réseau_d’égout_à_faible_diamètre|spanish_link=Alcantarillados_Simplificados|hindi_link=coming soon|malayalam_link=coming soon|tamil_link=coming soon | korean_link=coming soon | chinese_link=Coming soon | indonesian_link=Coming soon | japanese_link=Coming soon}}|}{|width="100%"|style="width:50%;"|{{santablesantable_new|sys1=[[Blackwater Treatment System with SewerageEffluent Transport|67]]|sys2=[[Blackwater Transport to (Semi-) Centralized Treatment System |78]]|sys3=[[Sewerage System with Urine Diversion|89]]|

ManHousehold=XXX|

Input1=Blackwater|Input2=Greywater |Input3=Brownwater| Input4= Effluent |Input5=|Output1=Blackwater | Output2=Greywater | Output3= Brownwater | Output4= Effluent | Output5=

'''Simplified Sewers describe A simplified sewer describes a sewerage network that is constructed using smaller diameter pipes laid at a shallower depth and at a flatter gradient than conventional sewers[[Conventional Gravity Sewer | Conventional Sewers]] (C.6). The Simplified Sewer simplified sewer allows for amore a more flexible design associated with at lower costs and a higher number of connected households.'''

Expensive manholes are replaced with simple inspection chambers. Each discharge point Conceptually, simplified sewerage is connected to an interceptor tank to prevent settleable solids and trash from entering the sewer. As wellsame as Conventional Gravity Sewerage, each household should have a grease trap before the sewer connection. Another key but without unnecessarily conservative design standards and with design feature is features that are better adapted to the sewers local situation. The pipes are usually laid within the property boundaries, through either the back or front yards, rather than beneath the central road, allowing for fewer and shorter pipes. Because the simplified sewers are more communaltypically installed within the condominium, they are often referred to as condominial sewers. OftentimesThe pipes can also be routed in access ways, the community will purchasewhich are too narrow for heavy traffic, and connect or underneath pavements (sidewalks). Since simplified sewers are installed where they are not subjected toheavy traffic loads, they can be laid at a single legal connection to the main sewer; the combined effluent of the condominal sewer network flows into the main sewer lineshallow depth and little excavation is required.

Because ===Design Considerations=== In contrast to Conventional Sewers that are designed to ensure a minimum self-cleansing velocity, the design of simplified sewers are laid is based on or around the property a minimum tractive tension of the users, higher connection rates can 1 N/m2 (1 Pa) at peak flow. The minimum peak flow should be achieved, fewer 1.5 L/s and shorter pipes can be used and less excavation a minimum sewer diameter of 100 mm is required as the pipes . A gradient of 0.5% is usually sufficient. For example, a 100 mm sewer laid at a gradient of 1 m in 200 m will not be subjected to heavy traffic loads. Howeverserve around 2, this type 800 users with a wastewater flow of Conveyance technology requires careful negotiation between stakeholders since design and maintenance must be jointly coordinated60 L/person/day.

All greywater PVC pipes are recommended to use. The depth at which they should be connected to laid depends mainly on the Simplified Sewer amount of traffic. Below sidewalks, covers of 40 to ensure adequate hydraulic loading65 cm are typical. Inspection chambers The simplified design can also function be applied to attenuate peak discharges into the system. For example, a 100mm diameter sewer mains; they can also be laid at a gradient of 1m shallow depth, provided that they are placed away from traffic. Expensive manholes are normally not needed. At each junction or change in 200m direction, simple inspection chambers (0or cleanouts) are sufficient.5%) will serve around 200 households Inspection boxes are also used at each house connection. Where kitchen greywater contains an appreciable amount of oil andgrease, the installation of 5 people grease traps (10see PRE,000 usersp. 100) with a wastewater flow of 80L/person/dayis recommended to prevent clogging.

Although watertight sewers are Greywater should be discharged into the idealsewer to ensure adequate hydraulic loading, they may but stormwater connectionsshould be discouraged. However, in practice it is difficult to achieveexclude all stormwater flows, and therefore especially where there is no alternative for storm drainage. The design of the sewers (and treatment plant) should be designed to , therefore, take into account the extra flow that may result from stormwater infiltrationinflow.

Blocks of community-based Simplified Sewers are connected to an existing [[Conventional Gravity Sewer]] or routed to a Simplified Sewer main constructed with pipes of a larger diameter. A Simplified Sewer main can still be placed at a shallow depth providing it is placed away from traffic.  <br>{{procontable | pro=- Can be built laid at a shallower depth and repaired with locally available materials. flatter gradient than Conventional Sewers <br> - Construction can provide short-term employment to local labourers. <br> - Capital Lower capital costs are between 50 and 80% less than [[Conventional Gravity Sewer]]Sewers; low operating costs are low. <br> - Can be extended as a community changes and grows. | con=<br>- Greywater can be managed concurrently <br>- Requires expert design and construction supervision. Does not require onsite primary treatment units <br> | con=- Requires repairs and removals of blockages more frequently than a Conventional Gravity Sewer. <br> - Requires expert design and construction <br>- Effluent Leakages pose a risk of wastewater exfiltration and sludge (from interceptors) requires secondary treatment groundwater infiltration and/or appropriate discharge.are difficult to identify

==Adequacy=Operation & Maintenance=== Where the ground is rocky or the groundwater table is high, the excavation of trenches for pipes may be difficult. Under these circumstances, Trained and responsible users are essential to ensure that the cost of installing sewers is significantly higher than in favourable conditions. Regardless, Simplified Sewerage flow is less expensive than [[Conventional Gravity Sewer|Conventional Gravity Sewerage]] because of its shallow installation depth. Simplified Sewers can be installed in almost all types of settlements undisturbed and are especially appropriate for dense, urban settlements. To prevent to avoid clogging by trash and maintain other solids. Occasional flushing of the sewers, good pre-treatment pipes is requiredrecommended to insure against blockages. It is recommended that the scum from greywater, heavy solids and garbage Blockages can usually be removed from by opening the wastewater prior to entering the sewer. ==Health Aspects/Acceptance== If constructed andmaintained well, sewers are cleanouts and forcing a safe and hygienic means of transporting wastewater. Users must be well educated about rigid wire through the health risks associated with maintaining/ cleaning blockages and inspection chamberspipe. ==Upgrading== Household inspection Inspection chambers can must be upgraded periodically emptied to septic tanks so that fewer solids enter prevent grit overflowing into the Simplified Sewer network, but this will increase maintenance costs associated with emptying the septic tank. ==Maintenance== Pre-treatment with interceptor tanks and a grease trap is essentialsystem. The homeowner must maintain operation of the system depends on clearly defined responsibilities between the interceptor tanks sewerage authority and the grease trapcommunity. Ideally, households will also be responsible for the maintenance of pre-treatment units and the condominial part of the sewerssewer. However, however in practice this may not be feasible. Alternatively, a private contractor or users committee can be hired to assume responsibility for the maintenance as inexperienced because users may not detect problems before they become severe, and therefore, more costly to repair. A related problem is that households may drain stormwater into the sewer. This practice should be discouraged whenever possible. Blockages Alternatively, a private contractor or users committee can usually be removed by opening the sewer and forcing a length of rigid wire through the sewer. Inspection chambers must be emptied periodically hired to prevent grit overflowing into do the system.  ==References== * Elizabeth Tilley et.al (2008). [http://www.eawag.ch/organisation/abteilungen/sandec/publikationen/publications_sesp/downloads_sesp/compendium_high.pdf Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies] ([http://www.eawag.ch/organisation/abteilungen/sandec/publikationen/publications_sesp/downloads_sesp/compendium_low.pdf low res version]). Department of Water and Sanitation in Development Countries ([http://www.sandec.ch/ Sandec]) at the Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag). (Provides a full overview of sanitation systemsmaintenance.)

===References===* Azevedo NettoBakalian, A., Wright, A., Otis, MMR. and ReidAzevedo Netto, RJ. (19921994). Innovative and Low Cost Technologies Utilized in [https://www.ircwash.org/resources/simplified-sewerage-design-guidelines Simplified Sewerage: Design Guidelines]. Technical Series No. 29, Environmental Health UNDP-World Bank Water and Sanitation Program. Pan American Health Organization, Washington DC, D.C. (Refer to Chapters 3 and 4 for component diagrams and design formulae, US.)

* BakalianMara, AD., Wright, A., Otis, R. and Azevedo Netto, JD. (19941996a). Simplified sewerage[https: design guidelines//www. Water susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and Sanitation Report No-publications/library/details/2972 Low-Cost Sewerage]. 7. The World Bank + UNDPWiley, Chichester, WashingtonUK. (Design guidelines for manual calculations.Assessment of different low-cost systems and case studies)

* HABITAT Mara, D. D. (19861996b). The design of Shallow Sewer SystemsLow-Cost Urban Sanitation. United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (HABITAT)Wiley, NairobiChichester, KenyaUK. pp. 109-139. (Detailed Book; Comprehensive summary including design tools and practical examples.)

* Mara, DDD. D. (19962005). Low-Cost Urban Sanitation[https://www. Wiley, Chichester, UKresearchgate. pp 109–139net/publication/288395536_Sanitation_for_all_in_periurban_areas_Only_if_we_use_simplified_sewerage Sanitation for All in Periurban Areas?] Only If We Use Simplified Sewerage. Water Science & Technology: Water Supply 5 (Comprehensive summary including design examples6): 57-65.(An article summarizing the technology and its potential role in urban sanitation)

* Mara, DDD. D., Sleigh, A. and Tayler, K. (19962001). Low[https://www.ircwash.org/sites/default/files/332-Cost Sewerage01PC-16418. Wileypdf PC-Based Simplified Sewer Design]. University of Leeds, ChichesterLeeds, UK. (Assessment of different low-cost systems and case studies.)

* MaraWatson, DD., et alG. (20011995). PC[https://sswm.info/node/5857 Good Sewers Cheap? Agency-Customer Interactions in Low-based Simplified Sewer DesignCost Urban Sanitation in Brazil]. University of LeedsWater and Sanitation Division, The World Bank, Washington, EnglandD. (Comprehensive coverage of theory and design including a program to be used as a design aidC., US.)

* Watson, G. (1995). Good Sewers Cheap? Agency-Customer Interactions in Low-Cost Urban ===Acknowledgements==={{:Acknowledgements Sanitation in Brazil. The World Bank, Water and Sanitation Division, Washington, DC. (A summary of large scale projects in Brazil.)}}