Difference between revisions of "Resilient WASH systems in drought-prone areas"

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[[Image:carelogo.png|thumb|right|150px|This section is based on a desk study written by Eric Fewster, commissioned by CARE Netherlands and the Netherlands Red Cross]]
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[[Image:carelogo.png|thumb|right|150px|This section is based on a desk study written by [http://www.linkedin.com/pub/eric-fewster/4/333/a90 Eric Fewster], commissioned by [http://www.carenederland.org/ CARE Netherlands] and the [http://www.rodekruis.nl/paginas/home.aspx Netherlands Red Cross]]]
  
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Resilient WASH systems need to be able to cope with changes in the availability of water. This section explores what what techniques can be used to improve water availability over space and time in areas not only prone to drought and changing climate variability, but also those areas with deteriorating water availability due to increasing water demands and human influences. This section focuses on water supply and non-motorized irrigation in rural areas for populations of up to 5,000 people. Resilience is a concept used to describe how to make water systems more robust in terms of water availability, thereby reducing the vulnerability of people that rely on them.
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Resilient WASH systems need to be able to cope with changes in the availability of water. This section explores which techniques can be used to improve water availability over space and time in areas not only prone to drought and changing climate variability, but also those areas with deteriorating water availability due to increasing water demands and human influences. The focus is on water supply and non-motorized irrigation in rural areas for populations of up to 5,000 people. Resilience is a concept used to describe how to make water systems more robust in terms of water availability, thereby reducing the vulnerability of people that rely on them.
  
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Both technical '''and''' non-technical components are important in discussing how to make water systems resilient. In many cases, it is not technical issues which cause projects to become unsustainable, but non-technical issues such as management, social relationships and community dynamics.
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====Main content====
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The technical measures can be divided in three types:
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*[[Impact of drought on WASH systems]] - Includes world maps on the locations of  water stress, scarcity, and historical drought.
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* Improving the availability of water over space (more points of water in an area means better access for people and livestock)
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*[[Drought and links to other disasters]] - How drought is linked to other major disasters such as poverty, inequality, and conflict.
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* Improving the availability of water over time (more water available to span increasing length of dry seasons, or, relevant to agriculture, short dry spells)
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*[[Drought resilience - General issues|Drought resilience, non-technical solutions]] - Non-technical ways to make water systems more resilient, such as financial, institutional, environmental and social measures.
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* Improving techniques that influence water demand
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*[[Drought resilience - Technical solutions| Drought resilience, technical solutions]] - Technical solutions to make water systems more resilient.
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*[[Drought cycle management]] - Four stages of drought management: normal, alert, emergency, recovery.
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*[[Framework for evaluation of projects in drought-prone areas]] - a set of questions to help evaluate projects.
  
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====Availability of water over space====
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Both technical '''and''' non-technical components are important in discussing how to make water systems resilient. In many cases, it is not technical issues which cause projects to become unsustainable, but non-technical issues such as management, social relationships and community dynamics. A useful model to use is the [[FIETS sustainability principles| FIETS model]], which covers five dimensions of sustainability: Financial, Institutional, Environmental, Technical, and Social.
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o Local recharge, retention/storage and re-use of water, which are increasingly being seen as the most important adaptations for ensuring water availability and food security
 
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to rural and urban populations, especially in developing countries in the face of climate change.37
 
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o Various methods for gaining more water from rainwater and groundwater sources, some of which are innovative and need further research.
 
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o Methods on how to limit impact on existing saline groundwater and how to recharge/dilute it.
 
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o Methods to increase available water to communities through treatment of non-potable saline water.
 
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o Ways to improve handpump sustainability since this affects water availability in many areas.
 
  
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====Availability of water over time====
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====Technical measures====
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Improvement of the availability of water over time (e.g. more water available to span increasing length of dry seasons, or even short dry spells when considering agriculture):
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The technical measures to consider while planning a project can be divided into three types:
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o Methods to improve the siting and construction of physical structures in order to make them less prone to failure and more efficiently used. Such techniques may also apply
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* [[Increasing availability of water over space|Improving the availability of water over space]] (more points of water increase access for people and livestock).
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in general (e.g. key methods to prevent sub-surface tanks from leaking will also apply in areas not prone to drought) – however, they are included insofar that they help to
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* [[Increasing availability of water over time|Improving the availability of water over time]] (more water available to last the entire dry season, or with agriculture, short dry spells).
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improve reliability of water availability.
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* Improving techniques that influence water demand, such as water-saving technologies, irrigation practices, re-use techniques and drought-resistant crops.
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o Suitable storage methods that take into account the high rain intensity that falls for short time periods in many areas – such storage needs to be able to not only store
 
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enough volume of water to last through many months of dry season and/or drought, but also needs to be able to conserve evaporation given the high PET rates in many
 
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areas.
 
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Suitable management of a variety of water sources, where for example open water sources are used first so that most is used rather than evaporated, leaving other stored
 
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water for later.
 
  
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====Non-technical measures====
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* Financial & economic solutions - e.g. availability of micro-finance to users to replicate technology
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* Institutional solutions - e.g. establishment of effective water user associations to manage communal facilities
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* Environmental solutions - e.g. siting of seasonal water points in relation to pasture availability in pastoral areas
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* Social solutions - e.g. changing behavior in water use, use of communal sources, etc.
  
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====Influencing water demand====
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__NOTOC__ <small-title />
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o Water-saving technologies and irrigation practices
 
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o Re-use techniques
 
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o Drought-resistant crops
 
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==Non-technical measures==
 

Latest revision as of 06:24, 20 December 2013

This section is based on a desk study written by Eric Fewster, commissioned by CARE Netherlands and the Netherlands Red Cross

Resilient WASH systems need to be able to cope with changes in the availability of water. This section explores which techniques can be used to improve water availability over space and time in areas not only prone to drought and changing climate variability, but also those areas with deteriorating water availability due to increasing water demands and human influences. The focus is on water supply and non-motorized irrigation in rural areas for populations of up to 5,000 people. Resilience is a concept used to describe how to make water systems more robust in terms of water availability, thereby reducing the vulnerability of people that rely on them.

Main content

Both technical and non-technical components are important in discussing how to make water systems resilient. In many cases, it is not technical issues which cause projects to become unsustainable, but non-technical issues such as management, social relationships and community dynamics. A useful model to use is the FIETS model, which covers five dimensions of sustainability: Financial, Institutional, Environmental, Technical, and Social.

Technical measures

The technical measures to consider while planning a project can be divided into three types:

Non-technical measures

  • Financial & economic solutions - e.g. availability of micro-finance to users to replicate technology
  • Institutional solutions - e.g. establishment of effective water user associations to manage communal facilities
  • Environmental solutions - e.g. siting of seasonal water points in relation to pasture availability in pastoral areas
  • Social solutions - e.g. changing behavior in water use, use of communal sources, etc.


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