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Percussion drilling

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{{stub}}[[Image:Treadle_pump_icon.pngLanguage-box|right]][[Image:Diagram of percussion english_link= Percussion drilling.jpg|thumbfrench_link= Coming soon | spanish_link= Coming soon |righthindi_link= Coming soon |150pxmalayalam_link= Coming soon | Diagram of percussion drilling]][[Image:Percussion drilling in action.jpgtamil_link= Coming soon |thumbkorean_link= Coming soon |rightchinese_link=冲击钻井 |150pxindonesian_link= Coming soon | Percussion drilling in action]]japanese_link= Coming soon }}[[Image:Weighted drill bitdrilling icon.jpg|thumbpng|right|150px| Weighted drill bit80px]]__NOTOC__ 
Percussion drilling is a manual drilling technique in which a heavy cutting or hammering bit attached to a rope or cable is lowered in the open hole or inside a temporary casing. The technique is often also referred to as 'Cable tool'. Usually a tripod is used to support the tools. By moving the rope or cable up and down, the cutting or hammering bit loosens the soil or consolidated rock in the borehole, which is then extracted later by using a bailer. Just as with [[hand auger - general|hand augering]], a temporary casing of steel or plastic may be used to prevent the hole from collapsing. When the permanent well screen and casing are installed, this temporary casing has to be removed.
==History and social context=Suitable conditions===[[Image:Percussion drilling in action.jpg|thumb|right|200px| Percussion drilling in action]][[Image:Weighted drill bit.jpg|thumb|right|200px| Weighted drill bit]]
==Suitable conditions ==
Percussion drilling is suitable for unconsolidated and consolidated formations: Sand, silt, stiff clays, sandstone, laterite and gravel layers.
Manual percussion drilling is generally used up to depths of 25 meters.
Before drilling starts, it is good to analyse where the water might be. There are lots of clues to look for in WellSpringAfrica.org's [http://www.wellspringafrica.org/WebManual/chapter4.htm Selecting a Site.]  {{procontable | proborder="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="center"|-! width="50%" style="background:#efefef;" | Advantages! style="background:#f0f8ff;" | Disadvantages|-| valign="top" | - Unlike any other drilling method , percussion can remove boulders and break harder formations, effectively and quickly through most types of earth. <br>
- Percussion drilling can in principle deal with most ground conditions.<br>
- Can drill hundreds of feet (one well hand-drilled in China in 1923 was over 4000 feet deep). <br>- Can drill further into the water table than dug wells, even drilling past one water table to reach another. <br>| convalign= "top" | - The equipment can be very heavy and relatively expensive. <br>
- Especially in harder rock the method is slow (weeks, rather than days). <br>
- When temporary casing has to be used, the time taken driving and removing it can significantly increase drilling time.<br>
- Equipment costs are high and the method is slow (resulting in high cost / drilled meter).<br>|}}  ===Construction, operations and maintenance===[[Image:Diagram of percussion drilling.jpg|thumb|right|200px| Diagram of percussion drilling]]
==Technical specification==Equipment is commercially produced in western countries. Local production is possible. Percussion drilling is hard work. Use of a small engine may be appropriate.
====Operation====The percussion drill can be powered by hand, with several men pulling on a rope to lift and drop the bit, or it can harness the power of an engine. It can take the form of a few pieces that can be transported in the trunk of a car and carried into remote villages, or it can be mounted on the bed of a truck and driven to the drill site. The drill parts can be bought from the numerous world-wide companies that make drilling tools or they can be made from readily available scrap steel and local materials.
====MaintenanceSuppliers====* [https://en.eijkelkamp.com/ Eijkelkamp Agrisearch Equipment] - Drilling equipment and manuals on hand auger and percussion gouges.
====Manufacturing ====Equipment is commercially produced in western countries* [http://www. Local production is possiblevrm. Percussion nl/ Van Reekum Materials] - Drilling equipment, hand auger and percussion drilling is hard work. Use of a small engine may be appropriate.
==Cost=Costs===For cost comparisons between hand drilling and percussion drilling: [http://www.wellspringafrica.org/WebManual/costcomp.htm Wellspring Africa's Hand Powered Percussion Drill] illustrates costs for materials, tools, and labour.
==Country =Field experiences===
Percussion drilling is mainly used in Niger, Nigeria, Chad, Liberia, Ghana, Central America and western countries.
===Manuals, videos and links===* Robert Vuik, Don de Koning and Arjen van der Wal. [http://www.practica.org/wp-content/uploads/services/publications/drilling%20manuals/EN/Percussion%20manual%20drilling%20PRACTICA%20EN.pdf Percussion: Manual Drilling Series. Technical Training Handbook on Affordable Manual Well Drilling]. Practica Foundation, June 2010. French version: [http://www.practica.org/wp-content/uploads/services/publications/drilling%20manuals/FR/Percussion%20manual%20drilling%20PRACTICA%20FR.pdf FORAGE À LA PERCUSSION: Série forage manuel].
* [http://www.surechem.com.my/products.php?cat=2010 Percussion Drilling]. Different kinds of drills and connectors.
* [http://www.wellspringafrica.org/manual.asp Drilling Wells by Hand], Cliff Missen, Wellspring Africa, draft 4 - Manual on Percussion drilling, well construction, manufacturing tools. [http://www.wellspringafrica.org/drildesc.htm Website of WellspringAfrica]
* [http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5567E/x5567e00.HTM Self-help wells]KOEGEL, R.G. Koegel(1985) Self Help Wells, FAO 1985 - Internet manual on hydrogeologyIrrigation and Drainage Paper, well constructionsFAO, all drilling techniquesRome. ISBN 92-5-100398-X [http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5567E/x5567e05X5567E00.htm#4.5%20percussion%20%28also%20cable%20tool%20method%29 Article on percussionhtml version]. ==Movies==
== Acknowledgements==* [http://www.rural-water-supply.net/en/implementation/manual-drilling/171-manual-percussion-drilling Rural Water Supply Network article on Hand Percussion]
* The basis for the material on this page was obtained from a desk study shortly to be published on the website of the [http://wwwCARTER, R. C.practicafoundation(2005) Human-Powered Drilling Technologies.nl/ Practica Foundation]an overview of human-powered drilling technologies for shallow small diameter well construction, for domestic and from the [http://www.rwsn.ch/ Rural Water Supply Network]agricultural water supply , Silsoe College , Cranfield University , Bedfordshire, and specifically its UK [http://www.rwsn.ch/prarticle.2005rural-10water-25supply.9856177177net/prarticle.2005-10-26.7220595116en/resources/details/prarticle.2005-11-15.6127855822 manual drilling section402 Download].
==Links==* [http://www.rwsn.net/prarticle.2005-10-25.9856177177/prarticle.2005-10-26.7220595116/prarticle.2005-11-15.6127855822/prarticle.2009-05-11.3051371225/prarticle.2009-05-11.6685812329 Rural Water Supply Network article on Hand Percussion] * Human-Powered Drilling Technologies, Richard Carter, Cranfield University, 2005 - An overview of human-powered drilling technologies - [http://www.rwsn.ch/documentation/skatdocumentation.2005-11-15.5533687184/file Download]. * Drilling Boreholes for Hand pumps, Peter Wurzel, SKAT Skat, Switzerland, 2001 - A book on hydrogeology, well construction, drilling techniques, well development - [http://www.skat.ch/publications/prarticle.2005rural-09water-29supply.5069774463net/prarticle.2006-11-02.5180575226en/resources/skatpublication.2006-11-02.0404244520details/file 148 Download]. Website of [http://www.skat.ch SKAT]
* Low-cost shallow tube well construction in West Africa, M. Sonau, FAO - An overview of shallow tube well drilling techniques - [http://www.fao.org/docrep/w7314e/w7314e0v.htm website]. Website of [http://www.fao.org/documents/ FAO documents].
* A Water Handbook, Technical Guidelines Series, UNICEF, 1999 - Programming and implementation. [http://www.unicef.org/wash/files/Wat_e.pdf Download].
* Technology notes, section 7; Tube wells and boreholes, WaterAid - An overview of human-powered drilling technologies. [http://www.wateraid.org/documents~/plugin_documentsmedia/technology_notes_2008Publications/technology-notes-2011.pdf Download]. Website of [http://www.wateraid.org/uk Wateraid.org].
* Water for the World, Technical note series rws 2, USAID 1982 - Technical notes on methods of developing of groundwater, manual drilling techniques. [http://www.lifewater.org/resources/ground_water.html Website Livewater Lifewater International]. Under 'Cable Tool Wells'.
* Multi-service procedures for well-drilling operations, field manual chapter 9, US Military Chapter 9, alternative well construction, manual drilling techniques - [http://www.paulsawyersnavybmr.com/pdfsstudy%20material/14080a/FM_5_48414080A_ch9.pdf Download].
*[[Solution_of_the_week_13|Akvo solution of the week 13]]
===Suppliers===
* Eijkelkamp Agrisearch Equipment - Drilling equipment and manuals on hand auger and percussion gouges - http://www.eijkelkamp.nl
 
* Van Reekum Materials - Drilling equipment, hand auger and percussion drilling - http://www.reekum.nl
 
==References==
{{Joinus}}=== Acknowledgements===* The basis for the material on this page was obtained from a desk study shortly to be published on the website of the [http://www.practicafoundation.nl/ Practica Foundation], and from the [http://www.rural-water-supply.net/ Rural Water Supply Network], and specifically its [http://www.rural-water-supply.net/en/implementation/manual-drilling manual drilling section].* [http://www.lboro.ac.uk/well/resources/technical-briefs/43-simple-drilling-methods.pdf 43. Simple drilling methods.] WEDC.
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