<!{|style="float: left;"|{{Language-- table at top of page with logo, picture, Application level, Management level, and input-output tables -->box|english_link=Motorized_Emptying_and_Transport|french_link=Vidange_et_Transport_motorisés|spanish_link=Vaciado_y_Transporte_Motorizado|hindi_link=coming soon|malayalam_link=coming soon|tamil_link=coming soon | korean_link=coming soon | chinese_link=Coming soon | indonesian_link=Coming soon | japanese_link=Coming soon}}|}{|width="100%"|style="width:50%;"|{santable{santable_new|sys1=[[Single Pit System |1]]|sys2=[[ Blackwater Treatment Waterless System with InfiltrationUrine Diversion|54 ]]|sys3=[[ Blackwater Treatment Biogas System with Sewerage|65]]|sys4=[[ Sewerage Blackwater Treatment System with Urine DiversionInfiltration|86]]|sys5=[[Blackwater Treatment System with Effluent Transport|7]]|sys6=[[Sewerage System with Urine Diversion|9]]|
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pic=Motorized_emtying_and_transport.png|
ApplHousehold=XX|
ManShared=X|
ManPublic=XX|
Input1=Faecal Sludge|Input2=Urine |Input3=Blackwater| Input4= Effluent |Input5=Stored Urine|Output1= Faecal Sludge |Output2= Urine | Output3= Blackwater | Output4= Effluent | Output5=Stored Urine
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'''Motorized Emptying emptying and Transport transport refers to a vacuum truck or another vehicle equipped with a motorized pump and a storage tank for emptying and transporting faecal sludge, septage and urine. Humans are required to operate the pump and manoeuvre the hose, but they do sludge is not lift manually lifted or transport the sludgetransported.'''
The A truck is fitted with a pump which is connected to a hose that is lowered down into a constructed tank (e.g. septic tank or aquaprivy, [[Septic Tank | Septic Tank]], S.9) or pit, and the sludge is pumped up into the holding tank on the truckvehicle. Generally the storage capacity This type of design is often referred to as a vacuum tanker is between 3truck. Alternative motorized vehicles or machines have been developed for densely populated areas with limited access. Designs such as the Vacutug, Dung Beetle,000 Molsta or Kedoteng carry a small sludge tank and a pump and 10,000L. Multiple truckloads may be required for large septic tankscan negotiate narrow pathways.
Both ===Design Considerations=== Generally, the agencies responsible storage capacity of a vacuum truck is between 3 and 12 m3. Local trucks are commonly adapted for sewerage sludge transport by equipping them with holding tanks and private entrepreneurs may operate vacuum trucks, although the price pumps. Modified pick-ups and level of service may vary significantlytractor trailers can transport around 1. Some public operators may not service informal settlements, whereas some private operators may offer a reduced price5 m3, but can only afford capacities vary. Smaller vehicles for densely populated areas have capacities of 500 to do so if they do not empty the sludge at a certified facility800 L. The cost of hiring a vacuum truck These vehicles use, for example, two-wheel tractor or motorcycle based drives and can sometimes be the most expensive part reach speeds of operating a sanitation system for some homeownersup to 12 km/h.
===Vacutug===The UN-HABITAT Vacutug Project was conceived in 1995 with Pumps can usually only suck down to a depth of 2 to 3 m (depending on the goal strength of developing ‘fully sustainable system for emptying pit latrines in unplanned, periurban areas the pump) and refugee camps in the developing countries’. The Vacutug consists must belocated within 30 m of a 500 litre steel vacuum tank connected to vacuum pump which is connected to a gasoline engine that has the capacity to remove sludge (or urine) at 1,700 litres a minutepit. On level groundIn general, the vehicle is capable of around 5km/h. The waste sludge closer the vacuum pump can be discharged under gravity or by slight pressurization from to the pump. Recent results indicate that under certain circumstances (constant number of pitspit, transfer station, short transfer distance, etc.) the Vacutug can be sustainable and cover its operating and maintenance costseasier it is to empty.
====Vacutug====
The UN-HABITAT Vacutug Project was conceived in 1995 with the goal of developing ‘fully sustainable system for emptying pit latrines in unplanned, peri-urban areas and refugee camps in the developing countries’. The Vacutug consists of a 500 litre steel vacuum tank connected to vacuum pump which is connected to a gasoline engine that has the capacity to remove sludge (or urine) at 1,700 litres a minute. On level ground, the vehicle is capable of around 5km/h. The waste sludge can be discharged under gravity or by slight pressurization from the pump. Recent results indicate that under certain circumstances (constant number of pits, transfer station, short transfer distance, etc.) the Vacutug can be sustainable and cover its operating and maintenance costs.
A manually operated version of the Vacutug is the [[Human-Powered Emptying and Transport#MAPET|MAPET]]. <br>{{procontable | pro=- Fast, hygienic and generally efficient. effective sludge removal <br>- Efficient transport possible with large vacuum trucks <br> - Potential for local job creation and income generation. <br> - Provides an essential service to unsewered areas. | con=- Cannot pump thick , dried sludge (must be manually removed or thinned with wateror manually removed). <br> - Garbage in pits may block hose. <br> - Cannot completely empty deep pits due to limited suction lift <br>- Very high capital costs; variable operating costs depending on use and maintenance. <br> - Pumps can usually only suck down to Hiring a depth of 2 to 3m and the pump must vacuum truck may be located within 30m of the pit. unaffordable for poor households <br> - Not all parts and materials may be locally available locally. <br> - May have difficulties with access.
}}
===Appropriateness===
Depending on the Collection and Storage technology, the sludge can be so dense that it cannot be easily pumped. In these situations it is necessary to thin the solids with water so that they flow more easily, but this may be inefficient and costly. Garbage and sand make emptying much more difficult and clog the pipe or pump. Multiple truckloads may be required for large Septic Tanks.
==Adequacy== Although smaller more mobile vehicles have been developed, large vacuum trucks remain the norm for municipalities and sanitation authorities. Unfortunately, large trucks cannot access all pits/septic tanks especially in areas with narrow or non-driveable drivable roads, they remain the norm for municipalities and sanitation authorities. Also, vacuum These trucks can rarely make trips to peri-urban or rural remote areas (e.g., in the periphery of a city) since the income generated from emptying, may not offset the cost of fuel and time. Depending on Therefore, the collection or treatment technology, the material that needs to be pumped can be so dense that it cannot be pumped easily. In these situations it is necessary to thin the solids with water so that they flow more easily, but this may site must be inefficient and costly. If water is not available, it may be necessary for the waste to be manually removed. In general, the closer the vacuum can be to the pit, the easier it is to empty. The critical velocity of the sludge required for pumping is dependent on the distance within reach from, and strength of, the vacuum pump; sludge is extremely site specific. Garbage and sand also makes emptying the pit much more difficultserviced areas. ==Health Aspects/Acceptance== The use of a vacuum tanker for emptying a pit latrine or [[Septic Transfer Station - Underground Holding Tank| Transfer Stations]] presents two health improvements: (1C.7) emptying maintains the Collection and Storage/Treatment technology and reduces adequate treatment are also crucial for service providers using small-scale motorized equipment. Field experiences have shown that the risk existing designs for dense urban areas are limited in terms of overflows their emptying effectiveness and (2) the use of a tanker reduces the need for manual emptyingtravel speed, and their ability to negotiate slopes, which is quite unsafe poor roads and unhygienicvery narrow lanes. StillMoreover, those who operate vacuum trucks may be demonized by the community demand and may face difficulties with finding appropriate locations to dump and treat the collected sludgemarket constraints have prevented them from becoming commercially viable.
==Maintenance==Under favourable circumstances, small vehicles like the Vacutug are able to recover the operating and maintenance costs. However, the capital costs are still too high to sustainably run a profitable business. Both the sanitation authority and private entrepreneurs may operate vacuum trucks, although the price and level of service may vary significantly. Private operators may charge less than public ones, but may only afford to do so if they do not discharge the sludge at a certified facility. Private and municipal service providers should work together to cover the whole faecal sludgemanagement chain.
Maintenance is ===Health Aspects/Acceptance=== The use of a crucial part of vacuum truck operation. Trucks are not usually brand new presents a significant health improvement over manual emptying and they often require constant attention helps to prevent breakdowns. The lack of preventive maintenance is often maintain the cause for major repairs. Most pump trucks are manufactured in North America or EuropeCollection and Storage technology. As suchStill, it is difficult to locate spare truck parts and a local mechanic to repair broken pumps and trucks. New trucks operators are difficult to obtain, very expensive and thus rarely purchased. Local trucks are commonly adapted to serve as vacuum trucks by equipping them with holding tanks and vacuums. Maintenance accounts for at least one quarter of the costs incurred not always accepted by the operator of a vacuum truck. Fuel community and oil account for another quarter of the total operating costs. Owners/operators must be conscientious to save money for the purchase of expensive replacement parts, tires and equipment, whose replacement could be essential may face difficulties with finding appropriate locations to dump the working of the vacuum truckcollected sludge.
===Operation & Maintenance===
Most pump trucks are manufactured in North America, Asia or Europe. Thus, in some regions it is difficult to locate spare parts and a mechanic to repair broken pumps or trucks. New trucks are very expensive and sometimes difficult to obtain. Therefore, older trucks are often used, but the savings are offset by the resulting high maintenance and fuel
costs that can account for more than two thirds of the total costs incurred by a truck operator. Truck owners must be conscientious to save money for the purchase of expensive replacement parts, tires and equipment. The lack of preventive maintenance is often the cause for major repairs. The addition of chemical additives for desludging is not recommended because they tend to corrode the sludge tank.
===References===* Boesch, A. and Schertenleib, R. (1985). [https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/3091 Emptying on-Site Excreta Disposal Systems. Field Tests with Mechanized Equipment in Gaborone (Botswana)]. International Reference Centre for Waste Disposal, Dübendorf, CH. (Comprehensive summary of technical components, performance with different sludge types, and maintenance)
* Elizabeth Tilley etChowdhry, S. and Koné, D.al (20082012). [httphttps://www.eawagsusana.chorg/organisationen/abteilungenknowledge-hub/sandec/publikationenresources-and-publications/publications_sesplibrary/downloads_sespdetails/compendium_high.pdf Compendium 1662 Business Analysis of Sanitation Systems and Technologies] ([httpFecal Sludge Management://www.eawag.ch/organisation/abteilungen/sandec/publikationen/publications_sesp/downloads_sesp/compendium_low.pdf low res version]). Department of Water Emptying and Sanitation Transportation Services in Development Countries ([http://www.sandec.ch/ SandecAfrica and Asia]) at the Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag). (Provides a full overview of sanitation systemsBill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, US.)
* Brikké, F. and BrederoO’Riordan, M. (20032009). Linking technology choice with operation and maintenance in the context of community water supply and sanitation[https: A reference document for planners and project staff//www.susana. WHO org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and IRC Water and Sanitation Centre, Geneva. Available: http:-publications/library/details/www1424 Investigation into Methods of Pit Latrine Emptying. Management of Sludge Accumulation in VIP Latrines].whoWRC Project 1745, Water Research Commission, Pretoria, ZA.int (Chapter 8 provides an assessment Includes a detailed analysis of vacuum emptying.field experiences with the Vacutug)
* BoeschStrande, AL., Ronteltap, M. and SchertenleibBrdjanovic, RD. (Eds. ) (19852014). Pit Emptying On- Site Excreta Disposal Faecal Sludge Management. Systems. Field Tests with Mechanized Equipment in Gaborone Approach for Implementation and Operation (Botswanabook). IRCWD, Switzerland. Available: www.sandec.ch (Comprehensive summary of technical componentsIWA Publishing, performance with different sludge typesLondon, and maintenanceUK.)
* Issaias, I. (2007). UN-HABITAT Vacutug Development Project===Acknowledgements==={{: Technical report of field trials 2003–2006. Water, Acknowledgements Sanitation and Infrastructure Branch, UN-HABITAT, Nairobi, Kenya.}}
