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Irrigation - Spray head

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{{stub}}__NOTOC__[[Image:Spray_head_icon.png‎|right|80px]][[Image:Spray_head.PNG|thumb|right|250px200px|Spray irrigation for urban market gardening in Mali. Photo: Netherlands Water Partnership.]]__NOTOC__ <small-title />
Spray-head irrigation requires pressure from pedal or motor pumps. In West Africa, the spray-head is mounted on a lay-flat hose connected to a small petrol pump. Spray irrigation is an intermediate option between a watering can and more sophisticated sprinkler or drip irrigation. It has high water use efficiency and saves energy and labour.
===Suitable conditions ==={{procontable | proborder="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="center"|-! width="50%" style="background:#efefef;" | Advantages! style="background:#f0f8ff;" | Disadvantages|-| valign="top" | - High water use efficiency. <br>
- Saves energy and labour. <br>
- relatively low investment cost per unit area<br>- widespread availability of equipment<br>- well adapted to situations with multiple low-yielding wells, requiring the equipment to be shifted every 15 to 30 minutes<br>- possibly enhanced plant growth and yield<br>- negligible problems of rodent damage or theft<br>- no emitters, so no emitter clogging<br>- African farmers quickly take up the technology| convalign= "top" | - labour requirement could be high<br>}|}
===Construction, operations and maintenance==='''Options for optimization:'''
* reduce the price of equipment, including that of accessories, such as layflat hose;* improve spraying head efficiency;* improve pump efficiency;* improve engine efficiency; and* replace the petrol pump with a treadle pump. ===Costs===
US$ 2 - 5 for a spray-head. US$ 300 - 600 for a unit with petrol pumps.
===Field experiences===
<b>Location:</b> West Africa.
==Reference manuals=Manuals, videos, and links===* [httpftp://wwwftp.enterpriseworksfao.org www.enterpriseworks.org ] [http:/agl/www.hipponet.nl www.hipponet.nl ] [http:aglw/fwm/wwwSmallScalePumpedIrrigation.approtecpdf Small scale pumped irrigation.org www] FAO.approtec.org ] ==Acknowledgements==
{{Joinus}}===Acknowledgements===* [http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=3&ved=0CFoQFjAC&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.siminet.org%2Fimages%2Fpdfs%2Fsprayirrigation.pdf&ei=Dan8T5nFJ8mK2gXg9rnJCA&usg=AFQjCNETEhXHL1VdgxGT1YieeS-GPnH9Dw&sig2=9BeFd14tNvqJqf2abS7Nng Efficiency, cost, optimization and spread of spray irrigation in West Africa.]* [http://www.washdoc.info/docsearch/title/124276 SmartWater Solutions: Examples of innovative, low-cost technologies for wells, pumps, storage, irrigation and water treatment] or ([http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CFEQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nwp.nl%2F_docs%2Fpublicaties%2FSmart_Water_Solutions_ENG_2006.pdf&ei=tKv8T_e6IYTiqgHOy4iLCQ&usg=AFQjCNE9tTXI9rJyLrJCYiS2z9bWSPnK5Q&sig2=ErJBEzlYeSUQV5erv2BWcw alternative link]). Netherlands Water Partnership.
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