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Irrigation - Spray head

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{{stub}}[[Image:Spray_head_icon.png‎|right|80px]][[Image:Spray_head.PNG|thumb|right|200px|Spray irrigation for urban market gardening in Mali. Photo: Netherlands Water Partnership.]]__NOTOC__ <small-title />Spray-head irrigation requires pressure from pedal or motor pumps. In West Africa, the spray-head is mounted on a lay-flat hose connected to a small petrol pump. Spray irrigation is an intermediate option between a watering can and more sophisticated sprinkler or drip irrigation. It has high water use efficiency and saves energy and labour.
SprayTreadle pumps combined with spray-head irrigation requires pressure from pedal or motor pumps. In heads are promoted by Approtec in East Africa and Enterprise Works in West Africa, the spray-head is mounted on a lay-flat hose connected to a small petrol pump.
Due to its simplicity, spray irrigation technology has spread spontaneously from farmer to farmer in West-African countries such as Mali, Niger and Togo. A recent survey in Bamako, Mali, among 80 market gardeners showed that more than 60% used this method.
Spray irrigation is an intermediate option between a watering can and more sophisticated sprinkler or drip irrigation. It has high water use efficiency and saves energy and labour.
 
Treadle pumps combined with spray-heads are promoted by Approtec in East Africa and Enterprise Works in West Africa.
 
[[Image:Spray_head.PNG|thumb|right|150px|Spray irrigation for urban market gardening in Mali ]]
===Suitable conditions ===
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="center"
|-
! width="50%" style="background:#efefef;" | Advantages
! style="background:#ffdeadf0f8ff;" | Disadvantages
|-
| valign="top" | - High water use efficiency.<br>- Saves energy and labour.<br>- relatively low investment cost per unit area<br>- widespread availability of equipment<br>- well adapted to situations with multiple low-yielding wells, requiring the equipment to be shifted every 15 to 30 minutes<br>- possibly enhanced plant growth and yield<br>- negligible problems of rodent damage or theft<br>- no emitters, so no emitter clogging<br>- African farmers quickly take up the technology| valign="top" | - labour requirement could be high<br>
|}
===Construction, operations and maintenance===
'''Options for optimization:'''
* reduce the price of equipment, including that of accessories, such as layflat hose;
* improve spraying head efficiency;
* improve pump efficiency;
* improve engine efficiency; and
* replace the petrol pump with a treadle pump.
=== Costs ===
US$ 2 - 5 for a spray-head. US$ 300 - 600 for a unit with petrol pumps.
== Applying conditions =Field experiences=== 
<b>Location:</b> West Africa.
{{Joinus}}===Manuals, videos, and links===* [ftp://ftp.fao.org/agl/aglw/fwm/SmallScalePumpedIrrigation.pdf Small scale pumped irrigation.] FAO.
== External links =Acknowledgements===* [http://www.enterpriseworksgoogle.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=3&ved=0CFoQFjAC&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.siminet.org www%2Fimages%2Fpdfs%2Fsprayirrigation.enterpriseworkspdf&ei=Dan8T5nFJ8mK2gXg9rnJCA&usg=AFQjCNETEhXHL1VdgxGT1YieeS-GPnH9Dw&sig2=9BeFd14tNvqJqf2abS7Nng Efficiency, cost, optimization and spread of spray irrigation in West Africa.org ] * [http://www.hipponetwashdoc.nl www.hipponet.nl info/docsearch/title/124276 SmartWater Solutions: Examples of innovative, low-cost technologies for wells, pumps, storage, irrigation and water treatment] or ([http://www.approtecgoogle.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CFEQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.org wwwnwp.approtecnl%2F_docs%2Fpublicaties%2FSmart_Water_Solutions_ENG_2006.org pdf&ei=tKv8T_e6IYTiqgHOy4iLCQ&usg=AFQjCNE9tTXI9rJyLrJCYiS2z9bWSPnK5Q&sig2=ErJBEzlYeSUQV5erv2BWcw alternative link]). Netherlands Water Partnership.
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