Akvopedia-spade, akvouser, bot, bureaucrat, emailconfirmed, smwadministrator, smwcurator, susana-working-group-susana-member, administrator, widget editor
697
edits
Changes
→References
'''To reduce dependence on freshwater and maintain a constant source of water for irrigation throughout the year, wastewater of varying quality can be used in agriculture. However, only water that has had secondary treatment (i.e., physical and biological treatment) should be used to limit the risk of crop contamination and health risks to workers.'''
There are two kinds of irrigation technologies appropriate for treated wastewater: 1) [[Drip Irrigation - Pepsi and Nica|Drip irrigation]] above or below ground, where the water is slowly dripped on or near the root area; and 2) [[Surface irrigation - general|Surface water irrigation]] where water is routed overland in a series of dug channels or furrows. To minimize evaporation and contact with pathogens, spray irrigation should be avoided. Properly treated wastewater can significantly reduce dependence on freshwater, and/or improve crop yields by supplying increased water and nutrients to plants. Raw sewage or untreated blackwater should not be used, and even well-treated water should be used with caution. Long-term use of poorly or improperly treated water may cause long-term damage to the soil structure and its ability to hold water.
===Design Considerations===
===References===
* Drechsel, P., Scott, C. A., Raschid-Sally, L., Redwood, M. and Bahri, A. (Eds.) (2010). [https://idl-bnc-idrc.dspacedirect.org/handle/10625/41052 Wastewater Irrigation and Health. Assessing and Mitigating Risk in Low-Income Countries]. Earthscan, IDRC and IWMI, London, UK.:Available at: [http://www.idrc.ca idrc.ca] and [http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org iwmi.cgiar.org]
* FAO (2012). [http://www.fao.org/3/CA1891EN/ca1891en.pdf On-Farm Practices for the Safe Use of Wastewater in Urban and Peri-Urban Horticulture. A Training Handbook for Farmer Field Schools]. FAO, Rome, IT.:Available at: [http://www.fao.org fao.org]
* Palada, M., Bhattarai, S., Wu, D., Roberts, M., Bhattarai, M., Kimsan, R. and Midmore, D. (2011). [https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/1094 More Crop Per Drop. Using Simple Drip Irrigation Systems for Small-Scale Vegetable Production]. The World Vegetable Center, Shanhua, TW.:Available at: [http://www.avrdc.org avrdc.org]
* Pescod, M. B. (1992). [https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.470.8910&rep=rep1&type=pdf Wastewater Treatment and Use in Agriculture. FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 47]. FAO, Rome, IT.:Available at: [http://www.fao.org fao.org]
* WHO (2006). [https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/gsuweg2/en/ Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater, Excreta and Greywater. Volume 2: Wastewater Use in Agriculture]. World Health Organization, Geneva, CH. (Discussion of health aspects of wastewater use and of good irrigation practice in Annex 1):Available at: [http://www.who.int who.int]
* Winpenny, J., Heinz, I. and Koo-Oshima, S. (2010). [http://www.fao.org/3/i1629e/i1629e.pdf The Wealth of Waste. The Economics of Wastewater Use in Agriculture]. FAO Water Reports 35. FAO, Rome, IT:Available at: [http://www.fao.org fao.org]
* Zandee, M. (2012). [https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/1732 Risk of Clogging of Drip-Line Emitters during Urine Fertilization through Drip Irrigation Equipment]. Eawag, Dübendorf, CH.:Available at: * [http://www.eawagwho.chint/water_sanitation_health/publications/guidelines-on-sanitation-and-health/stun eawag.chen/stunWHO: Guidelines on sanitation and health - 2018]
===Acknowledgements===
{{:Acknowledgements Sanitation}}
