Changes

<small{|style="float: left;"|{{Language-title />box|english_link=Irrigation|french_link=Irrigation_(fr)|spanish_link=Irrigación|hindi_link=coming soon|malayalam_link=coming soon|tamil_link=coming soon | korean_link=coming soon | chinese_link=Coming soon | indonesian_link=Coming soon | japanese_link=Coming soon}}<!-- table at top of page with logo, picture, Application level, Management level, and input-output tables -->|}

|[[Image:Irrigation.png |right|300px500px]]

There are two kinds of irrigation technologies appropriate for treated wastewater: 1) [[Drip Irrigation - Pepsi and Nica|Drip irrigation]] above or below ground, where the water is slowly dripped on or near the root area; and 2) [[Surface irrigation - general|Surface water irrigation]] where water is routed overland in a series of dug channels or furrows. To minimize evaporation and contact with pathogens, spray irrigation should be avoided. Properly treated wastewater can significantly reduce dependence on freshwater, and/or improve crop yields by supplying increased water and nutrients to plants. Raw sewage or untreated blackwater should not be used, and even well-treated water should be used with caution. Long-term use of poorly or improperly treated water may cause long-term damage to the soil structure and its ability to hold water.

* Drechsel, P., Scott, C. A., Raschid-Sally, L., Redwood, M. and Bahri, A. (Eds.) (2010). [https://idl-bnc-idrc.dspacedirect.org/handle/10625/41052 Wastewater Irrigation and Health. Assessing and Mitigating Risk in Low-Income Countries]. Earthscan, IDRC and IWMI, London, UK.:Available at: * FAO (2012). [http://www.idrcfao.ca idrc.ca] and [http:org/3/CA1891EN/wwwca1891en.iwmipdf On-Farm Practices for the Safe Use of Wastewater in Urban and Peri-Urban Horticulture.cgiarA Training Handbook for Farmer Field Schools].org iwmiFAO, Rome, IT.cgiar.org]

* FAO (2012)Palada, M., Bhattarai, S., Wu, D. On-Farm Practices for the Safe Use of Wastewater in Urban and Peri-Urban Horticulture, Roberts, M. A Training Handbook for Farmer Field Schools, Bhattarai, M. FAO, RomeKimsan, ITR. and Midmore, D. (2011).:Available at: [httphttps://www.faosusana.org fao/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/1094 More Crop Per Drop.orgUsing Simple Drip Irrigation Systems for Small-Scale Vegetable Production]. The World Vegetable Center, Shanhua, TW.

* PaladaPescod, M., Bhattarai, SB. (1992). [https://citeseerx., Wu, Dist., Roberts, Mpsu., Bhattarai, Medu/viewdoc/download?doi=10., Kimsan, R1. and Midmore, D1. (2011)470. More Crop Per Drop8910&rep=rep1&type=pdf Wastewater Treatment and Use in Agriculture. Using Simple Drip FAO Irrigation Systems for Small-Scale Vegetable Productionand Drainage Paper 47]. The World Vegetable CenterFAO, ShanhuaRome, TWIT.:Available at: [http://www.avrdc.org avrdc.org]

* Pescod, MWHO (2006). B[https://www. (1992)who. int/water_sanitation_health/publications/gsuweg2/en/ Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater Treatment , Excreta and Greywater. Volume 2: Wastewater Use in Agriculture]. FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 47. FAOWorld Health Organization, RomeGeneva, ITCH.:Available at: [http://www.fao.org fao.org](Discussion of health aspects of wastewater use and of good irrigation practice in Annex 1)

* WHO (2006)Winpenny, J. Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater, Excreta Heinz, I. and Greywater. Volume 2: Wastewater Use in Agriculture. World Health OrganizationKoo-Oshima, Geneva, CHS. (Discussion of health aspects of wastewater use and of good irrigation practice in Annex 12010):Available at: . [http://www.whofao.int whoorg/3/i1629e/i1629e.intpdf The Wealth of Waste. The Economics of Wastewater Use in Agriculture]. FAO Water Reports 35. FAO, Rome, IT

* WinpennyZandee, J., Heinz, I. and Koo-Oshima, SM. (20102012). The Wealth of Waste. The Economics of Wastewater Use in Agriculture. FAO Water Reports 35. FAO, Rome, IT:Available at: [httphttps://www.faosusana.org fao/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/1732 Risk of Clogging of Drip-Line Emitters during Urine Fertilization through Drip Irrigation Equipment]. Eawag, Dübendorf, CH.org]

* Zandee, M. (2012). Risk of Clogging of Drip-Line Emitters during Urine Fertilization through Drip Irrigation Equipment. Eawag, Dübendorf, CH.:Available at: [http://www.eawagwho.chint/water_sanitation_health/stun eawag.chpublications/guidelines-on-sanitation-and-health/en/stunWHO: Guidelines on sanitation and health - 2018]