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<small{|style="float: left;"|{{Language-title />box|english_link=Irrigation|french_link=Irrigation_(fr)|spanish_link=Irrigación|hindi_link=coming soon|malayalam_link=coming soon|tamil_link=coming soon | korean_link=coming soon | chinese_link=Coming soon | indonesian_link=Coming soon | japanese_link=Coming soon}}<!-- table at top of page with logo, picture, Application level, Management level, and input-output tables -->|}

sys9=[[Sewerage System with Urine Diversion|9]]|

Input1=Effluent |Input2=Stormwater |Input3= Stored Urine | Input4= |Input5=|Output1=- Biomass |Output2= | Output3= | Output4= | Output5=|english_link=Irrigation|french_link=Irrigation_(fr)|spanish_link=Irrigación

|[[Image:Irrigation.png |right|300px500px]]

2) Surface '''To reduce dependence on freshwater and maintain a constant source of water for irrigation where throughout the year, wastewater of varying quality can be used in agriculture. However, only water is routed overland in a series that has had secondary treatment (i.e., physical and biological treatment) should be used to limit the risk of dug channels or furrowscrop contamination and health risks to workers.'''

There are two kinds of irrigation technologies appropriate for treated wastewater: 1) [[Drip Irrigation - Pepsi and Nica|Drip irrigation]] above or below ground, where the water is slowly dripped on or near the root area; and 2) [[Surface irrigation |Surface water irrigation]] where water is routed overland in a series of dug channels or furrows. To minimize evaporation and contact with pathogens, spray irrigation should be avoided. Properly treated wastewater can significantly reduce dependence on freshwater, and/or improve crop yields by supplying increased water and nutrients to plants. Raw sewage or untreated blackwater should not be used, and even well-treated water should be used with caution. Long-term use of poorly or improperly treated water may cause long-term damage to the soil structure and its ability to hold water.

Properly treated wastewater can significantly reduce dependence on freshwater===Design Considerations=== The application rate must be appropriate for the soil, crop and/climate, or improve crop yields by supplying increased it could be damaging. To increase the nutrient value, urine can be dosed into irrigation water ; this is called “fertigation” (i.e., fertilization + irrigation). The dilution ratio has to be adapted to the special needs and nutrients to plantsresistance of the crop. Raw sewage or untreated blackwater In drip irrigation systems care should not be usedtaken to ensure that there is sufficient head (i.e., pressure) and even well-treated water should be used with caution. Long-term use of poorly or improperly treated water may cause long-term damage maintenance to reduce the soil structure and its ability to hold waterpotential for clogging (especially, with urine from which struvite will spontaneously precipitate).

- Reduces depletion of ground water groundwater and improves the availability of drinking water. <br> - Reduced Reduces the need for fertilizer. <br> - Low to moderate capital cost; low to moderate operating cost. <br> - Potential for local job creation and income generation. <br> - Low risk of pathogen transmission if water is properly pre-treated. <br> - Potential to improved health, self-reliance in community. Low capital and operating costs depending on the design| con=- Must May require expert design and installation <br>- Not all parts and materials may be well settled. locally available <br> - Drip irrigation is very sensitive to clogging, i. e., the water must be free from suspended solids <br> - May require expert design and installation. Risk of soil salinization if the soil is prone to the accumulation of salts <br> - Not all parts and materials Social acceptance may be available locally.low in some areas

===AdequacyAppropriateness===Generally, drip irrigation is the most appropriate irrigation method; it is especially good for arid and drought prone areas. Surface irrigation is prone to large losses from evaporation but requires little or no infrastructure and may be appropriate in some situations.

GenerallyCrops such as corn, drip irrigation alfalfa (and other feed), fibres (e.g., cotton), trees, tobacco, fruit trees (e.g., mangos) and foods requiring processing (e.g., sugar beets) can be grown safely with treated effluent. More care should be taken with fruits and vegetables that may be eaten raw (e.g., tomatoes) because they could come in contact with the water. Energy crops like eucalyptus, poplar, willow, or ash trees can be grown in short-rotation and harvested for biofuel production. Since the trees are not for consumption, this is a safe, efficient way of using lower-quality effluent. Soil quality can degrade over time (e.g., due to the most appropriate irrigation method; it accumulation of salts) if poorly treated wastewater is especially good for arid and drought prone areasapplied. Surface Despite safety concerns, irrigation with effluent is prone an effective way to large losses from evaporation but requires little/ no infrastructure recycle nutrients and may be appropriate in some situationswater.

Crops such as corn, alfalfa ===Health Aspects/Acceptance=== Appropriate treatment (and other feed)i.e., fibres (cottonadequate pathogen reduction)should precede any irrigation scheme to limit health risks to those who come in contact with the water. Furthermore, trees, tobacco, fruit trees (mangos) and foods requiring processing (sugar beet) can it may still be grown safely contaminated with treated the different chemicals that are discharged into the system depending on the degree of treatment the effluenthas undergone. More care When effluent is used for irrigation, households and industries connected to the system should be taken when growing fruits made aware of the products that are and vegetables are not appropriate to discharge into the system. Drip irrigation is the only type of irrigation that may should be eaten raw (e.g. tomatoes) that could come in contact used with the water. Energy edible crops like eucalyptus, poplarand even then, willow, or ash trees can care should be grown in short-rotation taken to prevent workers and harvested for biofuel productioncrops from coming in contact with the treatedeffluent. Since the trees are not The WHO guidelines on wastewater use in agriculture should be consulted for consumption, this is a safe, efficient way of using lower quality effluentdetailed information and specific guidance.

There are potential health risks if water is not properly pre-treated (i.e. inadequate pathogen reduction). Soil quality can ===Operation & Maintenance=== Drip irrigation systems must be degraded over time (e.g. accumulation periodically flushed to avoid biofilm growth and clogging from all types of salts) if poorly treated waste water is appliedsolids. The application rate must Pipes should be appropriate checked for the soilleaks as they are prone to damage from rodents and humans. Drip irrigation is more costly than conventional irrigation, crop but offers improved yields and climate, or it could be damagingdecreased water/operating costs. Workers should wear appropriate protective clothing.

===Health Aspects/AcceptanceReferences===* Drechsel, P., Scott, C. A., Raschid-Sally, L., Redwood, M. and Bahri, A. (Eds.) (2010). [https://idl-bnc-idrc.dspacedirect.org/handle/10625/41052 Wastewater Irrigation and Health. Assessing and Mitigating Risk in Low-Income Countries]. Earthscan, IDRC and IWMI, London, UK.

Appropriate pre-treatment should precede any irrigation scheme to limit health risks to those who come in contact with the water. As well, depending on the degree of treatment that the effluent has undergone, it may be contaminated with the different chemicals that are discharged into the system. When effluent is used for irrigation, households and industries connected to the system should be made aware of the products that are and are not appropriate for discharging into the system. Drip irrigation is the only type of irrigation that should be used with edible crops, and even then, care should be taken to prevent workers and harvested crops from coming in contact with the treated effluent. Despite safety concerns, irrigation with effluent is an effective way to recycle nutrients and water. ===Maintenance=== Drip irrigation systems must be cleaned periodically to remove any built-up solids. The pipes should be checked for leaks as they are prone to damage from rodents and humans. Drip irrigation is more costly than conventional irrigation, but has improved yields and decreased water/ operating costs. ===References===* Ayers, RS. and Westcot, DW. FAO (19942012). [http://www.fao.org/docrep3/003CA1891EN/T0234E/T0234E00ca1891en.htm FAO Irrigation pdf On-Farm Practices for the Safe Use of Wastewater in Urban and Drainage Paper 29 RevPeri-Urban Horticulture. 1. Water Quality A Training Handbook for AgricultureFarmer Field Schools]. FAO, Rome, IT.

* CritesPalada, M., Bhattarai, S., Wu, D., Roberts, M., Bhattarai, M., Kimsan, R. and TchobanoglousMidmore, GD. (19982011). Small [https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and Decentralized Wastewater Management -publications/library/details/1094 More Crop Per Drop. Using Simple Drip Irrigation Systemsfor Small-Scale Vegetable Production]. WCB and McGraw-HillThe World Vegetable Center, New YorkShanhua, USA. pp 878–886TW.

* MaraPescod, DDM. B. (19961992). Low-Cost Urban Sanitation[https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1. Wiley470.8910&rep=rep1&type=pdf Wastewater Treatment and Use in Agriculture. FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 47]. FAO, ChichesterRome, UK. pp 150–152IT.

* Mara, DD. WHO (20042006). Domestic [https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/gsuweg2/en/ Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater, Excreta and Greywater. Volume 2: Wastewater Treatment Use in Developing CountriesAgriculture]. EarthscanWorld Health Organization, London. pp 231–245Geneva, CH.(Discussion of health aspects of wastewater use and of good irrigation practice in Annex 1)

* OkunWinpenny, DAJ., Heinz, I. and PonghisKoo-Oshima, GS. (19752010). Community [http://www.fao.org/3/i1629e/i1629e.pdf The Wealth of Waste. The Economics of Wastewater Collection and DisposalUse in Agriculture]. FAO Water Reports 35. WHOFAO, Rome, Geneva. pp 211–220.IT

* SasseZandee, LM. (19982012). DEWATS[https: Decentralised Wastewater Treatment in Developing Countries//www. BORDA, Bremen Overseas Research susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and Development Association-publications/library/details/1732 Risk of Clogging of Drip-Line Emitters during Urine Fertilization through Drip Irrigation Equipment]. Eawag, BremenDübendorf, GermanyCH.

* WHO (2006)[http://www.who. Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater, excreta int/water_sanitation_health/publications/guidelines-on-sanitation-and greywater- Volume 2health/en/ WHO: Wastewater Guidelines on sanitation and excreta use in agriculture. WHO, Geneva.health - 2018]