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<!{|style="float: left;"|{{Language-- table at top of page with logo, picture, Application level, Management level, and input-output tables -->box|english_link=Irrigation|french_link=Irrigation_(fr)|spanish_link=Irrigación|hindi_link=coming soon|malayalam_link=coming soon|tamil_link=coming soon | korean_link=coming soon | chinese_link=Coming soon | indonesian_link=Coming soon | japanese_link=Coming soon}}|}{|width="100%"|style="width:50%;"|{{santablesantable_new|

sys3=[[Pour Flush Pit System with Twin Pitswithout Sludge Production|3]]|

sys5=[[Biogas System|5]]|sys6=[[Blackwater Treatment System with Infiltration|56]]|sys6sys7=[[Blackwater Treatment System with SewerageEffluent Transport|67]]|sys7sys8=[[Blackwater Transport to (Semi-) Centralized Treatment System|78]]|sys8sys9=[[Sewerage System with Urine Diversion|89]]|

Input1=Effluent |Input2=Stormwater |Input3= Stored Urine | Input4= |Input5=|Output1=- Biomass |Output2= | Output3= | Output4= | Output5=

'''To reduce dependence on freshwater and maintain a constant source of water for irrigation water throughout the year, waste waters wastewater of varying qualities quality can be used in agriculture. GenerallyHowever, only waters water that have has had secondary treatment (i.e. , physical and biological treatment) should be used to limit the risk of crop contamination and the health risk risks to workers.'''

There are two kinds of irrigation technologies that are appropriate for using treated wastewaterswastewater: 1)[[Drip Irrigation - Pepsi and Nica|Drip irrigation ]] above or below ground, where the water is slowly dripped slowly on or near the root area; and 2)[[Surface irrigation |Surface water irrigation ]] where water is routed overland in a series of dug channels or furrows. To minimize evaporation and contact with pathogens, spray irrigation should be avoided. Properly treated wastewater can significantly reduce dependence on freshwater, and/or improve crop yields by supplying increased water and nutrients to plants. Raw sewage or untreated blackwater should not be used, and even well-treated water should be used with caution. Long-term use of poorly or improperly treated water may cause long-term damage to the soil structure and its ability to hold water.

- Reduces depletion of ground water groundwater and improves the availability of drinking water. <br> - Reduced Reduces the need for fertilizer. <br> - Low to moderate capital cost; low to moderate operating cost. <br> - Potential for local job creation and income generation. <br> - Low risk of pathogen transmission if water is properly pre-treated. <br> - Potential to improved health, self-reliance in community. Low capital and operating costs depending on the design| con=- Must May require expert design and installation <br>- Not all parts and materials may be well settled. locally available <br> - Drip irrigation is very sensitive to clogging, i. e., the water must be free from suspended solids <br> - May require expert design and installation. Risk of soil salinization if the soil is prone to the accumulation of salts <br> - Not all parts and materials Social acceptance may be available locally.low in some areas

==Adequacy== Generally, drip irrigation is the most appropriate irrigation method; it is especially good for arid and drought prone areas. Surface irrigation is prone to large losses from evaporation but requires little/ no infrastructure and may be appropriate in some situations. Crops such as corn, alfalfa (and other feed), fibres (e.g., cotton), trees, tobacco, fruit trees (e.g., mangos) and foods requiring processing (e.g., sugar beetbeets) can be grown safely with treated effluent. More care should be taken when growing with fruits and vegetables that may be eaten raw (e.g. , tomatoes) that because they could come in contact with the water. Energy crops like eucalyptus, poplar, willow, or ash trees can be grown in short-rotation and harvested for biofuel production. Since the trees are not for consumption, this is a safe, efficient way of using lowerquality lower-quality effluent. There are potential health risks if water is not properly pre-treated (i.e. inadequate pathogen reduction). Soil quality can be degraded degrade over time (e.g. , due to theaccumulation of salts) if poorly treated wastewater is applied. The application rate must be appropriate for the soil, crop and climate, or it could be damaging. ==Health Aspects/Acceptance== Appropriate pre-treatment should precede any irrigation scheme to limit health risks to those who come in contact with the water. As well, depending on the degree of treatment that the effluent has undergone, it may be contaminated with the different chemicals that are discharged into the system. When effluent is used for irrigation, households and industries connected to the system should be made aware of the products that are and are not appropriate for discharging into the system. Drip irrigation is the only type of irrigation that should be used with edible crops, and even then, care should be taken to prevent workers and harvested crops from coming in contact with the treated effluent. Despite safety concerns, irrigation with effluent is an effective way to recycle nutrients and water. ==Maintenance==

Drip ===Health Aspects/Acceptance=== Appropriate treatment (i.e., adequate pathogen reduction) should precede any irrigation systemsmust scheme to limit health risks to those who come in contact with the water. Furthermore, it may still be cleaned periodically contaminated with the different chemicals that are discharged into the system depending on the degree of treatment the effluent has undergone. When effluent is used for irrigation, households and industries connected to remove any built-up solids. The pipes the system should be checked for leaks as they made aware of the products that are and are prone not appropriate to damage from rodents and humansdischarge into the system. Drip irrigation is more costly than conventional the only type of irrigationthat should be used with edible crops, but has improved yields and decreased water/ operating costseven then, care should be taken to prevent workers and harvested crops from coming in contact with the treatedeffluent. The WHO guidelines on wastewater use in agriculture should be consulted for detailed information and specific guidance.

===References===* Drechsel, P., Scott, C. A., Raschid-Sally, L., Redwood, M. and Bahri, A. (Eds.) (2010). [https://idl-bnc-idrc.dspacedirect.org/handle/10625/41052 Wastewater Irrigation and Health. Assessing and Mitigating Risk in Low-Income Countries]. Earthscan, IDRC and IWMI, London, UK.

* Elizabeth Tilley et.al FAO (20082012). [http://www.eawagfao.ch/organisation/abteilungenorg/sandec3/publikationenCA1891EN/publications_sesp/downloads_sesp/compendium_highca1891en.pdf Compendium On-Farm Practices for the Safe Use of Sanitation Systems and Technologies] ([http://www.eawag.ch/organisation/abteilungen/sandec/publikationen/publications_sesp/downloads_sesp/compendium_low.pdf low res version]). Department of Water Wastewater in Urban and Sanitation in Development Countries ([http://wwwPeri-Urban Horticulture.sandec.ch/ SandecA Training Handbook for Farmer Field Schools]) at the Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag). (Provides a full overview of sanitation systemsFAO, Rome, IT.)

* AyersPalada, RSM. and Westcot, DWBhattarai, S. (1994), Wu, D. FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 29 Rev, Roberts, M. 1, Bhattarai, M. Water Quality for Agriculture, Kimsan, R. FAOand Midmore, RomeD. (2011). Available: http[https://www.faosusana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/1094 More Crop Per Drop. Using Simple Drip Irrigation Systems for Small-Scale Vegetable Production]. The World Vegetable Center, Shanhua, TW.

* CritesPescod, RM. and Tchobanoglous, GB. (19981992). Small [https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.470.8910&rep=rep1&type=pdf Wastewater Treatment and Decentralized Wastewater Management SystemsUse in Agriculture. WCB FAO Irrigation and McGraw-HillDrainage Paper 47]. FAO, New YorkRome, USA. pp 878–886IT.

* Mara, DD. WHO (19962006). Low-Cost Urban Sanitation[https://www. Wileywho.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/gsuweg2/en/ Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater, ChichesterExcreta and Greywater. Volume 2: Wastewater Use in Agriculture]. World Health Organization, UK. pp 150–152Geneva, CH.(Discussion of health aspects of wastewater use and of good irrigation practice in Annex 1)

* MaraWinpenny, DDJ., Heinz, I. and Koo-Oshima, S. (20042010). Domestic [http://www.fao.org/3/i1629e/i1629e.pdf The Wealth of Waste. The Economics of Wastewater Treatment Use in Developing CountriesAgriculture]. FAO Water Reports 35. EarthscanFAO, Rome, London. pp 231–245.IT

* OkunZandee, DA. and Ponghis, GM. (19752012). Community Wastewater Collection [https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and Disposal-publications/library/details/1732 Risk of Clogging of Drip-Line Emitters during Urine Fertilization through Drip Irrigation Equipment]. WHOEawag, Geneva. pp 211–220Dübendorf, CH.

* Sasse, L[http://www. (1998)who. DEWATSint/water_sanitation_health/publications/guidelines-on-sanitation-and-health/en/ WHO: Decentralised Wastewater Treatment in Developing Countries. BORDA, Bremen Overseas Research Guidelines on sanitation and Development Association, Bremen, Germany.health - 2018]

* WHO (2006). Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater, excreta and greywater- Volume 2===Acknowledgements==={{: Wastewater and excreta use in agriculture. WHO, Geneva.Acknowledgements Sanitation}}