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<!{|style="float: left;"|{{Language-- table at top of page with logo, picture, Application level, Management level, and input-output tables -->box|english_link=Irrigation|french_link=Irrigation_(fr)|spanish_link=Irrigación|hindi_link=coming soon|malayalam_link=coming soon|tamil_link=coming soon | korean_link=coming soon | chinese_link=Coming soon | indonesian_link=Coming soon | japanese_link=Coming soon}}|}

sys3=[[Pour Flush Pit System with Twin Pitswithout Sludge Production|3]]|

sys5=[[Biogas System|5]]|sys6=[[Blackwater Treatment System with Infiltration|56]]|sys6sys7=[[Blackwater Treatment System with SewerageEffluent Transport|67]]|sys7sys8=[[Blackwater Transport to (Semi-) Centralized Treatment System|78]]|sys8sys9=[[Sewerage System with Urine Diversion|89]]|

Input1=Effluent |Input2=Stormwater |Input3= Stored Urine | Input4= |Input5=|Output1=- Biomass |Output2= | Output3= | Output4= | Output5=|english_link=Irrigation|french_link=Irrigation_(fr)|spanish_link=Irrigación

|[[Image:Irrigation.png |right|300px500px]]

[[Image:Icon_irrigation.png |right|95px80px]]'''To reduce dependence on freshwater and maintain a constant source of irrigation water throughout the year, waste waters of varying qualities can be used in agriculture. Generally, only waters that have had secondary treatment (i.e. physical and biological treatment) should be used to limit the risk of crop contamination and the health risk to workers.''' There are two kinds of irrigation technologies that are appropriate for using treated wastewaters: 1)Drip irrigation where the water is dripped slowly on or near the root area; and

2)Surface '''To reduce dependence on freshwater and maintain a constant source of water for irrigation where throughout the year, wastewater of varying quality can be used in agriculture. However, only water is routed overland in a series that has had secondary treatment (i.e., physical and biological treatment) should be used to limit the risk of dug channels or furrowscrop contamination and health risks to workers.'''

There are two kinds of irrigation technologies appropriate for treated wastewater: 1) [[Drip Irrigation - Pepsi and Nica|Drip irrigation]] above or below ground, where the water is slowly dripped on or near the root area; and 2) [[Surface irrigation |Surface water irrigation]] where water is routed overland in a series of dug channels or furrows. To minimize evaporation and contact with pathogens, spray irrigation should be avoided. Properly treated wastewater can significantly reduce dependence on freshwater, and/or improve crop yields by supplying increased water and nutrients to plants. Raw sewage or untreated blackwater should not be used, and even well-treated water should be used with caution. Long-term use of poorly or improperly treated water may cause long-term damage to the soil structure and its ability to hold water.

Properly treated wastewater can significantly reduce dependence on freshwater===Design Considerations=== The application rate must be appropriate for the soil, crop and/climate, or improve crop yields by supplying increased it could be damaging. To increase the nutrient value, urine can be dosed into irrigation water ; this is called “fertigation” (i.e., fertilization + irrigation). The dilution ratio has to be adapted to the special needs and nutrients to plantsresistance of the crop. Raw sewage or untreated blackwater In drip irrigation systems care should not be usedtaken to ensure that there is sufficient head (i.e., pressure) and even well-treated water should be used with caution. Long-term use of poorly or improperly treated water may cause long-term damage maintenance to reduce the soil structure and its ability to hold waterpotential for clogging (especially, with urine from which struvite will spontaneously precipitate).

- Reduces depletion of ground water groundwater and improves the availability of drinking water. <br> - Reduced Reduces the need for fertilizer. <br> - Low to moderate capital cost; low to moderate operating cost. <br> - Potential for local job creation and income generation. <br> - Low risk of pathogen transmission if water is properly pre-treated. <br> - Potential to improved health, self-reliance in community. Low capital and operating costs depending on the design| con=- Must May require expert design and installation <br>- Not all parts and materials may be well settled. locally available <br> - Drip irrigation is very sensitive to clogging, i. e., the water must be free from suspended solids <br> - May require expert design and installation. Risk of soil salinization if the soil is prone to the accumulation of salts <br> - Not all parts and materials Social acceptance may be available locally.low in some areas

==Adequacy=Appropriateness=== Generally, drip irrigation is the most appropriate irrigation method; it is especially good for arid and drought prone areas. Surface irrigation is prone to large losses from evaporation but requires little/ or no infrastructure and may be appropriate in some situations. Crops such as corn, alfalfa (and other feed), fibres (cotton), trees, tobacco, fruit trees (mangos) and foods requiring processing (sugar beet) can be grown safely with treated effluent. More care should be taken when growing fruits and vegetables that may be eaten raw (e.g. tomatoes) that could come in contact with the water. Energy crops like eucalyptus, poplar, willow, or ash trees can be grown in short-rotation and harvested for biofuel production. Since the trees are not for consumption, this is a safe, efficient way of using lower quality effluent. There are potential health risks if water is not properly pre-treated (i.e. inadequate pathogen reduction). Soil quality can be degraded over time (e.g. accumulation of salts) if poorly treated waste water is applied. The application rate must be appropriate for the soil, crop and climate, or it could be damaging. ==Health Aspects/Acceptance==

Appropriate pre-treatment Crops such as corn, alfalfa (and other feed), fibres (e.g., cotton), trees, tobacco, fruit trees (e.g., mangos) and foods requiring processing (e.g., sugar beets) can be grown safely with treated effluent. More care should precede any irrigation scheme to limit health risks to those who be taken with fruits and vegetables that may be eaten raw (e.g., tomatoes) because they could come in contact with the water. As wellEnergy crops like eucalyptus, depending on poplar, willow, or ash trees can be grown in short-rotation and harvested for biofuel production. Since the degree trees are not for consumption, this is a safe, efficient way of treatment that the using lower-quality effluent has undergone. Soil quality can degrade over time (e.g., it may be contaminated with due to the different chemicals that are discharged into the systemaccumulation of salts) if poorly treated wastewater is applied. When Despite safety concerns, irrigation with effluent is used for irrigation, households and industries connected an effective way to the system should be made aware of the products that are recycle nutrients and are not appropriate for discharging into the systemwater.

===Health Aspects/Acceptance=== Appropriate treatment (i.e., adequate pathogen reduction) should precede any irrigation scheme to limit health risks to those who come in contact with the water. Furthermore, it may still be contaminated with the different chemicals that are discharged into the system depending on the degree of treatment the effluent has undergone. When effluent is used for irrigation, households and industries connected to the system should be made aware of the products that are and are not appropriate to discharge into the system. Drip irrigation is the only type of irrigation that should be used with edible crops, and even then, care should be taken to prevent workers and harvested crops from coming in contact with the treated effluent. Despite safety concerns, irrigation with effluent is an effective way to recycle nutrients The WHO guidelines on wastewater use in agriculture should be consulted for detailed information and waterspecific guidance.

===Operation & Maintenance=== Drip irrigation systems must be periodically flushed to avoid biofilm growth and clogging from all types of solids. Pipes should be checked for leaks as they are prone to damage from rodents and humans. Drip irrigation is more costly than conventional irrigation, but offers improved yields and decreased water/operating costs. Workers should wear appropriate protective clothing.

Drip irrigation systems must be cleaned periodically to remove any built===References===* Drechsel, P., Scott, C. A., Raschid-up solidsSally, L., Redwood, M. The pipes should be checked for leaks as they are prone to damage from rodents and humansBahri, A. (Eds.) (2010). Drip irrigation is more costly than conventional irrigation[https://idl-bnc-idrc.dspacedirect.org/handle/10625/41052 Wastewater Irrigation and Health. Assessing and Mitigating Risk in Low-Income Countries]. Earthscan, but has improved yields IDRC and decreased water/ operating costsIWMI, London, UK.

==References==* Ayers, RS. and Westcot, DW. FAO (19942012). [http://www.fao.org/docrep3/003CA1891EN/T0234E/T0234E00ca1891en.htm FAO Irrigation pdf On-Farm Practices for the Safe Use of Wastewater in Urban and Drainage Paper 29 RevPeri-Urban Horticulture. 1. Water Quality A Training Handbook for AgricultureFarmer Field Schools]. FAO, Rome, IT.

* CritesPalada, M., Bhattarai, S., Wu, D., Roberts, M., Bhattarai, M., Kimsan, R. and TchobanoglousMidmore, GD. (19982011). Small [https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and Decentralized Wastewater Management -publications/library/details/1094 More Crop Per Drop. Using Simple Drip Irrigation Systemsfor Small-Scale Vegetable Production]. WCB and McGraw-HillThe World Vegetable Center, New YorkShanhua, USA. pp 878–886TW.

* MaraPescod, DDM. B. (19961992). Low-Cost Urban Sanitation[https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1. Wiley470.8910&rep=rep1&type=pdf Wastewater Treatment and Use in Agriculture. FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 47]. FAO, ChichesterRome, UK. pp 150–152IT.

* Mara, DD. WHO (20042006). Domestic [https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/gsuweg2/en/ Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater, Excreta and Greywater. Volume 2: Wastewater Treatment Use in Developing CountriesAgriculture]. EarthscanWorld Health Organization, London. pp 231–245Geneva, CH.(Discussion of health aspects of wastewater use and of good irrigation practice in Annex 1)

* OkunWinpenny, DAJ., Heinz, I. and PonghisKoo-Oshima, GS. (19752010). Community [http://www.fao.org/3/i1629e/i1629e.pdf The Wealth of Waste. The Economics of Wastewater Collection and DisposalUse in Agriculture]. FAO Water Reports 35. WHOFAO, Rome, Geneva. pp 211–220.IT

* SasseZandee, LM. (19982012). DEWATS[https: Decentralised Wastewater Treatment in Developing Countries//www. BORDA, Bremen Overseas Research susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and Development Association-publications/library/details/1732 Risk of Clogging of Drip-Line Emitters during Urine Fertilization through Drip Irrigation Equipment]. Eawag, BremenDübendorf, GermanyCH.

* WHO (2006)[http://www.who. Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater, excreta int/water_sanitation_health/publications/guidelines-on-sanitation-and greywater- Volume 2health/en/ WHO: Wastewater Guidelines on sanitation and excreta use in agriculture. WHO, Geneva.health - 2018]

===Acknowledgements===