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One example of such a pump is The Gulper. This is a simple hand pump used to empty wet pit latrines and drain interceptor tanks. It consists of PVC pipes for the body, and stainless steel valves and puller rod. The Gulper is lowered into the pit with a footrest at ground-level. The operator raises and lowers a puller rod, which pushes the sludge from the pit up through a pipe into a bucket or bag. Using the gulper, operators no longer need to climb into the pits and come in contact with the septic sludge. It is also much less time consuming as it removes around 3 litres of sludge per stroke. It is a cheaper method of improving sanitation, than trying to replace the pits by proper latrines. For more [http://www.ideas-at-work.org/images/pdf/Gulper_pit_emptying_device.pdf information about the Gulper].

* Eales, K. (2005). [https://www.ircwash.org/resources/bringing-pit-emptying-out-darkness-comparison-approaches-durban-south-africa-and-kibera Bringing Pit Emptying out of the Darkness: A Comparison of Approaches in Durban, South Africa, and Kibera, Kenya]. Building Partnerships for Development in Water and Sanitation, London, UK.:Available at: [http://www.bpdws.org bpdws.org] (A comparison of two manual emptying projects)

* Ideas at Work (2007). [https://sswm.info/node/2304 The ‘Gulper’ – a Manual Latrine/Drain Pit Pump]. Ideas at Work, Phnom Penh, KH.:Available at: [http://www.ideas-at-work.org ideas-at-work.org] (Case study about a test of the Gulper by informal service providers)

* Muller, M. and Rijnsburger, J. (1994). [https://fr.ircwash.org/sites/default/files/Muller-1994-MAPET.pdf MAPET. Manual Pit-latrine Emptying Technology Project]. Development and Pilot Implementation of a Neighbourhood Based Pit Emptying Service with Locally Manufactured Handpump Equipment in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. 1988–1992. WASTE Consultants, Gouda, NL.:Available at: [http://www.washdoc.info washdoc.info]

* Oxfam (2008). [http://www.desludging.org/ Manual Desludging Hand Pump (MDHP) Resources]. Oxfam GB, Oxford, UK.:Available at: [http://www.desludging.org desludging.org] (Manual for the MDHP)

* Pickford, J. and Shaw, R. (1997). [https://www.ircwash.org/resources/technical-brief-no-54-emptying-latrine-pits Technical Brief No. 54: Emptying Pit Latrines]. WEDC, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK.:Available at: [http://www.lboro.ac.uk/well lboro.ac.uk/well]