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Hand auger - general

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{{Language-box|english_link= Hand auger - general | french_link= Coming soon | spanish_link= Coming soon | hindi_link= Coming soon | malayalam_link= Coming soon | tamil_link= Coming soon | korean_link= Coming soon | chinese_link=手钻-常规 | indonesian_link= Coming soon | japanese_link= Coming soon }}[[Image:drilling icon.png|right|80px]][[Image:Auger drilling in action.jpg|thumb|right|250px200px| Auger drilling in action]]__NOTOC__The hand auger is suitable for unconsolidated formations: sand, silt and soft clay. Stiff clays, hard materials and gravels are difficult or impossible to drill through and to remove (unless augering is combined with [[percussion - general|percussion]]). 
The hand auger consists of extendable steel rods, rotated by a handle. A number of different steel augers (drill bits) can be attached at the bottom end of the drill rods. The augers are rotated into the ground until they are filled, and then lifted out of the borehole to be emptied. A different auger can be used for each formation (soil) type. Hand augering can be done both by using a heavy tripod and winch (such as the [[Hand auger - Vonder rig | Vonder rig]]), or with lighter materials.
Another option is to use the well casing used as support for the borehole as the permanent casing (direct installation), although in that case a gravel pack can not be used.
===Suitable conditions ===The hand auger is suitable for unconsolidated formations[[Image: sand, silt and soft clayAuger drilling in temporary casing1. Stiff clays, hard materials and gravels are difficult or impossible to drill through and to remove (unless augering is combined with [[percussion - generaljpg|thumb|right|200px|percussionAuger drilling in temporary casing]]).
Augers can be used up to a depth of about 15-25 meters, depending on the geology.
[[Image:Auger drilling in temporary casing1.jpg|thumb|right|250px| Auger drilling in temporary casing]]
 
{{procontable | pro=
- Easy to use above the groundwater table <br>
| con= - It may be very difficult to remove the temporary casing. If clay layers are penetrated, it is very difficult to use a temporary casing, as it sticks to the clay. <br>
- The borehole does not stay open if a collapsing sand layer is encountered below a clay layer (through which the temporary casing could not penetrate)
}}
 
[[Image:Auger drilling in temporary casing.jpg|thumb|right|250px| Auger drilling in temporary casing]]
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="center"
|-
! width="50%" style="background:#efefef;" | Advantages
! style="background:#f0f8ff;" | Disadvantages
|-
| valign="top" | - Easy to use above the groundwater table
| valign="top" | - It may be very difficult to remove the temporary casing. If clay layers are penetrated, it is very difficult to use a temporary casing, as it sticks to the clay.<br>
- The borehole does not stay open if a collapsing sand layer is encountered below a clay layer (through which the temporary casing could not penetrate).
|}
[[File: Drilling Method Selection.jpg|Chart: WEDC Loughborough University Leicestershire.]] ===Construction, operations and maintenance===
It takes quite some expertise to drill a completely straight borehole.
* The tools for Hand augering can be made in local workshops.
* Chafagane Maiga (S/C BP: 10988 Niamey, Niger, Tel: +227 96 53 18 88) - Light and effective hand auger equipment.
* [https://en.eijkelkamp.com/ Eijkelkamp Agrisearch Equipment ] - Drilling equipment and manuals on hand auger and percussion gouges - .* [http://www.eijkelkampvrm.nl* / Van Reekum Materials ] - Drilling equipment, hand auger and percussion drilling - http://www.reekum.nl[[Image:Different bailers and augers.jpg|thumb|right|300px200px| Different bailers and augers]]
==Costs=Field experiences===The hand auger is widely used in Niger, Chad, Senegal, The Gambia, Uganda, Zimbabwe, Tanzania, Nigeria, Central America and western countries.
==Field experiences=Manuals, videos and links===The hand auger is widely used in Niger* Julien Labas and Robert Vuik, Chad, Senegal, The Gambia, Uganda, Zimbabwe, Tanzania, Nigeria, Central America and western countries[http://www.unicef.org/wash/files/05.pdf Augering: Manual Drilling Series. TECHNICAL TRAINING HANDBOOK ON AFFORDABLE MANUAL WELL DRILLING]. Practica Foundation. June 2010. French version: [http://www.practica.org/wp-content/uploads/services/publications/drilling%20manuals/FR/Auger%20manual%20drilling%20PRACTICA%20FR.pdf LA TARIERE MANUELLE: Série forage manuel].
==Reference manuals* Jonathan Naugle, videos, and links==* [http://www.enterpriseworks.org/pubs/Hand%20Augered%20Wells-color.pdf Hand Augered Garden Wells, Jonathan Naugle, ]. Lutheran World Relief, third edition 1996. Manual This is a manual on Hand hand augering, well construction, and manufacturing tools. [http://www.rwsn.ch/documentation/skatdocumentation.2005-11-15.6625703604/file Download (text only)]
* [http://www.lifewater.ca/download/Lifewater_Drilling_Manual_2004.pdf Drilling & well construction reference manual, ]. Lifewater Canada, update 2004. Internet This is a manual on hydrogeology, well construction, all drilling techniques, hand pumps and more. [http://www.lifewater.ca/download/Lifewater_Drilling_Manual_2004.pdf Download manual]. Other information can be found on the [http://www.lifewater.ca/ Website website of Livewater].
* Self-help wellsKoegel, R.G. Koegel, FAO (1985. Internet manual on hydrogeology, well constructions), all drilling techniques - [http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5567E/x5567e00X5567E00.HTM websitehtm Self Help Wells, FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper]. FAO, Rome.
* Human-Powered Drilling Technologies, Richard Carter, Cranfield University, R. C. (2005 - An overview of human-powered drilling technologies - ) [http://www.rwsnrural-water-supply.chnet/documentationen/skatdocumentationresources/details/402 Human-Powered Drilling Technologies].2005An overview of human-11-15powered drilling technologies for shallow, small diameter well construction and domestic or agricultural water supply].5533687184/file Download]Silsoe College, Cranfield University, Bedfordshire, UK.
* '[https://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/3038 Private Sector Participation in Low Cost Water Well Drilling', ]. Cranfield University, 2001. Article on private sector participation in low cost water well drilling in Africa. [https://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/bitstream/1826/3038/1/Private%20Sector%20Participation%20in%20Low%20Cost%20Water%20Well%20Drilling-2001.pdf Download].
* Rural Water Supply Network - Useful network and website for information and downloads related to Rural Water Technologies - [http://www.rwsn.ch/prarticle.2005rural-10water-25supply.9856177177net/prarticle.2005-10-26.7220595116en/implementation/prarticle.2005-11manual-15.6127855822 drilling Hand drilled wells]. General [http://www.rwsnrural-water-supply.ch net website].
* Peter Wurzel, [http://www.rural-water-supply.net/en/resources/details/148 Drilling Boreholes for Hand pumps]. Skat, Peter Wurzel, SKAT Switzerland, 2001 - . A book on hydrogeology, well construction, drilling techniques, well development - [http://www.skat.ch/publications/prarticle.2005-09-29.5069774463/prarticle.2006-11-02.5180575226/skatpublication.2006-11-02.0404244520/file Download]. Website of [http://www.skat.ch SKAT]
* Low-cost shallow tube well construction in West Africa, M. Sonau, FAO - An overview of shallow tube well drilling techniques - [http://www.fao.org/docrep/w7314e/w7314e0v.htm website Low-cost shallow tube well construction in West Africa]. FAO - An overview of shallow tube well drilling techniques. Website of [http://www.fao.org/documents/ FAO documents].
* Technical note 43. Simple drilling methods, Bob Elson and Rod Shaw, WEDC - An overview of simple drilling methods [http://www.lboro.ac.uk/well/resources/technical-briefs/43-simple-drilling-methods.pdf DownloadTechnical note 43. Simple drilling methods]. WEDC. An overview of simple drilling methods. Website of [http://www.lboro.ac.uk/well/resources/technical-briefs/ Loughborough University Technical Briefs section]. Website of [http://www.lboro.ac.uk/well/ Loughborough University WELLS].
* A Water Handbook, Technical Guidelines Series, UNICEF, 1999 - Programming and implementation. [http://www.unicef.org/wash/files/Wat_e.pdf Download A Water Handbook, Technical Guidelines Series]. UNICEF, 1999. Programming and implementation.
* [https://www.dropbox.com/s/dc2lhxx7p657i2v/WaterAid_technology_notes.pdf?dl=0 Technology notes, section 7; : Tube wells and boreholes, ]. WaterAid - . An overview of human-powered drilling technologies. [http://www.wateraid.org/documents/plugin_documents/technology_notes_2008.pdf Download]. Website of [http://www.wateraid.org/uk Wateraid.org].
* Water for the World, Technical note series rws 2, USAID 1982 - Technical notes on methods of developing of groundwater, manual drilling techniques. [http://www.lifewater.org/resources/ground_water.html Website Livewater International].
* [http://navybmr.com/study%20material/14080a/14080A_ch9.pdf Multi-service procedures for well-drilling operations, field manual chapter 9, ]. US Military Chapter 9, alternative . Alternative well construction, and manual drilling techniques - [http://www.paulsawyers.com/pdfs/FM_5_484.pdf Download]. 
=== Acknowledgements===* The basis for the material on this page was obtained from a desk study shortly to be published on the website of the [http://www.practicafoundation.nl/ Practica Foundation], and from the [http://www.rwsnrural-water-supply.chnet/ Rural Water Supply Network], and specifically its [http://www.rwsn.ch/prarticle.2005rural-10water-25supply.9856177177net/prarticle.2005-10-26.7220595116en/implementation/prarticle.2005manual-11-15.6127855822 drilling manual drilling section].
* [http://www.lboro.ac.uk/well/resources/technical-briefs/43-simple-drilling-methods.pdf 43. Simple drilling methods.] WEDC.
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