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Output1=- Biomass |Output2= | Output3= | Output4= | Output5=
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'''A floating plant pond is a modified maturation pond with floating (macrophyte) plants. Plants such as water hyacinths or duckweed float on the surface while the roots hang down into the water to uptake nutrients and filter the water that flows by.'''
<br>Water hyacinths are perennial, freshwater, aquatic macrophytes that grow especially fast in wastewater. The plants can grow large: between 0.5 to 1.2m 2 m from top to bottom. The long roots provide a fixed medium for bacteria which in turn degrade the organics in the water passing by.
Duckweed is a fast growing, high protein plant that can be used fresh or dried as a food for fish or poultry. It is also tolerant of a variety of conditions and can significantly remove significant quantities of nutrients from wastewater. To provide extra oxygen to a floating plant technology, the water can be mechanically aerated but at the cost of increased power and machinery. Aerated ponds can withstand higher loads and can be built with smaller footprints. Non-aerated ponds should not be too deep otherwise there will be insufficient contact between the bacteria-harbouring roots and the wastewater.
===Design Considerations===
Locally appropriate plants can be selected depending on their availability and the characteristics of the wastewater. To provide extra oxygen to a floating plant technology, the water can be mechanically aerated but at the cost of increased power and machinery. Aerated ponds can withstand higher loads and can be built with smaller footprints. Non-aerated ponds should not be too deep otherwise there will be insufficient contact between the bacteria-harbouring roots and the wastewater.
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{{procontable | pro=
- Water hyacinth grows rapidly and is attractive. <br> - High reduction of BOD Potential for local job creation and solids; low reduction of pathogens. income generation <br> - Low to moderate Relatively low capital costcosts; operating cost costs can be offset by revenue. <br> - Potential for local job creation High reduction of BOD and income generation. solids; low reduction of pathogens <br> - Can be built and maintained with locally available materials. | con=- Can Requires a large land (pond) area <br>- Some plants can become an invasive species if released into natural environments. <br> - Requires large land (pond) area.
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===Appropriateness===
A floating plant pond is only appropriate when there is a sufficient amount of land (or pre-existing pond). It is appropriate for warm or tropical climates with no freezing temperatures, and preferably with high rainfall and minimal evaporation. The technology can achieve high removal rates of both BOD and suspended solids, although pathogen removal is not substantial.
Harvested hyacinths can be used as a source of fibre for rope, textiles, baskets, etc. Depending on the income generated, the technology can be cost neutral. Duckweed can be used as the sole food source for some herbivorous fish.
==Adequacy== The technology can achieve high removal rates of both BOD and suspended solids, although pathogen removal is not substantial. Harvested hyacinths can be used as a source of fibre for rope, textiles, baskets, etc. Depending on the income generated, the technology can be cost neutral. Duckweed can be used as the sole food source to some herbivorous fish. This technology is only appropriate for warm or tropical climates with no freezing temperatures, and preferably with high rainfall and minimal evaporation. Different, locally appropriate plants can be selected depending on availability and the wastewater type. Trained staff is required for the constant operation and maintenance of the pond. ==Health Aspects/Acceptance=== Water hyacinth has attractive, lavender flowers. A well designed and maintained system can add value and interest to otherwise barren land. Adequate signage and fencing should be used to prevent people and animals from coming in contact with the water. ==Maintenance== Floating plants require constant harvestingWorkers should wear appropriate protective clothing. The harvested biomass can WHO guidelines on wastewater and excreta use in aquaculture should be used consulted for small artisanal businesses, or it can be composted. Mosquito problems can develop when the plants are not harvested regularlydetailed information and specific guidance. Depending on the amount of solids entering, the pond must be desludged periodically. ==References==
* BagnallCrites, LO., Schertz, CER. and DubbeTchobanoglous, DRG. (19871998). Harvesting Small and handling of biomass. ppDecentralized Wastewater Management Systems. 599–619WCB/McGraw-Hill, In: Aquatic Plants for Water Treatment and Resource RecoveryNew York, KUS.R. Reddy and Wpp.H609-627. Smith (edsBook. Comprehensive summary chapter including solved problems), Magnolia Publishing Inc., Orlando, Florida.
* CritesIqbal, R. and Tchobanoglous, GS. (19981999). Small and Decentralized Wastewater Management Systems[https://www.susana. WCB org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and McGraw-Hillpublications/library/details/3063 Duckweed Aquaculture. Potentials, New YorkPossibilities and Limitations for Combined Wastewater Treatment and Animal Feed Production in Developing Countries]. Eawag (Department Sandec), USADübendorf, pp 609–627CH. (Comprehensive summary chapter including solved problems)
* GerbaMcDonald, CPR.D. and Wolverton, et alB. C. (19951980). Water-Quality Comparative Study of Graywater Treatment SystemsWastewater Lagoon with and without Water Hyacinth. Water Resources Bulletin 31Economic Botany 34 (12): 109–116101-110.
* IqbalReddy, SK. R. and Smith, W. H. (Eds.) (19991987). Duckweed Aquaculture-Potentials, Possibilities and Limitations Aquatic Plants for Combined Wastewater Water Treatment and Animal Feed Production in Developing CountriesResource Recovery. Magnolia Publishing Inc. Sandec, DübendorfOrlando, SwitzerlandFL, US.(Book)
* McDonaldSkillicorn, RDP., Spira, W. and WolvertonJourney, BCW. (19801993). Comparative study of wastewater lagoon with and without water hyacinth[https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/952561468739283096/duckweed-aquaculture-a-new-aquatic-farming-system-for-developing-countries Duckweed Aquaculture. A New Aquatic Farming System for Developing Countries]. The World Bank, Washington, D.C., US. Economic Botany: 34 (2Comprehensive manual): 101–110.
* Polprasert, CU., et alS. EPA (20011988). Wastewater Treatment II, Matural Systems for Wastewater Management[https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyNET.exe/30004626. IHE, DelftTXT?ZyActionD=ZyDocument&Client=EPA&Index=1986+Thru+1990&Docs=&Query=&Time=&EndTime=&SearchMethod=1&TocRestrict=n&Toc=&TocEntry=&QField=&QFieldYear=&QFieldMonth=&QFieldDay=&IntQFieldOp=0&ExtQFieldOp=0&XmlQuery=&File=D%3A%5Czyfiles%5CIndex%20Data%5C86thru90%5CTxt%5C00000002%5C30004626. (Comprehensive txt&User=ANONYMOUS&Password=anonymous&SortMethod=h%7C-&MaximumDocuments=1&FuzzyDegree=0&ImageQuality=r75g8/r75g8/x150y150g16/i425&Display=hpfr&DefSeekPage=x&SearchBack=ZyActionL&Back=ZyActionS&BackDesc=Results%20page&MaximumPages=1&ZyEntry=1&SeekPage=x&ZyPURL Design Manual: see Chapter 4 – . Constructed Wetlands and Aquatic Plant Systems for Municipal Water Hyacinth PondsTreatment]. EPA/625/1-88/022. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, US.)
* Rose, GD. WHO (19992006). Community-Based Technologies [https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/gsuweg3/en/ Guidelines for Domestic the Safe Use of Wastewater Treatment , Excreta and ReuseGreywater. Volume 3: options for urban agricultureWastewater and Excreta Use in Aquaculture]. IDRCWorld Health Organization, Geneva, Ottawa. Available: http://idrinfo.idrcCH.ca
* Skillicorn, W., Journey, K. and Spira, P. (1993). Duckweed aquaculture: A new aquatic farming system for developing countries. World Bank, Washington, DC. Available: [http://www.p2payswho.orgint/water_sanitation_health/publications/refguidelines-on-sanitation-and-health/09en/08875.htm (Comprehensive manual)WHO: Guidelines on sanitation and health - 2018]
