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sys2=[[Blackwater Treatment System with Infiltration|56]]|sys3=[[Blackwater Treatment System with SewerageEffluent Transport|67]]|sys4=[[Blackwater Transport to (Semi-) Centralized Treatment System|78]]| sys5=[[Sewerage System with Urine Diversion|89]]|
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pic=Floating_plant_macrophyte_pond.png|
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Input1=Effluent |Input2= |Input3=| Input4=|Input5=|
Output1= Biomass |Output2= | Output3= | Output4= | Output5=
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[[Image: Icon_floating_plant_macrophyte_pond.png|right|80px]]
'''A floating plant pond is a modified maturation pond with floating (macrophyte) plants. Plants such as water hyacinths or duckweed float on the surface while the roots hang down into the water to uptake nutrients and filter the water that flows by.'''
<br>Water hyacinths are perennial, freshwater, aquatic macrophytes that grow especially fast in wastewater. The plants can grow large: between 0.5 to 1.2m 2 m from top to bottom. The long roots provide a fixed medium for bacteria which in turn degrade the organics in the water passing by.
Duckweed is a fast growing, high protein plant that can be used fresh or dried as a food for fish or poultry. It is also tolerant of a variety of conditions and can significantly remove significant quantities of nutrients from wastewater. To provide extra oxygen to a floating plant technology, the water can be mechanically aerated but at the cost of increased power and machinery. Aerated ponds can withstand higher loads and can be built with smaller footprints. Non-aerated ponds should not be too deep otherwise there will be insufficient contact between the bacteria-harbouring roots and the wastewater.
===Design Considerations===
Locally appropriate plants can be selected depending on their availability and the characteristics of the wastewater. To provide extra oxygen to a floating plant technology, the water can be mechanically aerated but at the cost of increased power and machinery. Aerated ponds can withstand higher loads and can be built with smaller footprints. Non-aerated ponds should not be too deep otherwise there will be insufficient contact between the bacteria-harbouring roots and the wastewater.
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{{procontable | pro=
- Water hyacinth grows rapidly and is attractive. <br> - High reduction of BOD Potential for local job creation and solids; low reduction of pathogens. income generation <br> - Low to moderate Relatively low capital costcosts; operating cost costs can be offset by revenue. <br> - Potential for local job creation High reduction of BOD and income generation. solids; low reduction of pathogens <br> - Can be built and maintained with locally available materials. | con=- Can Requires a large land (pond) area <br>- Some plants can become an invasive species if released into natural environments. <br> - Requires large land (pond) area.
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===Appropriateness===
A floating plant pond is only appropriate when there is a sufficient amount of land (or pre-existing pond). It is appropriate for warm or tropical climates with no freezing temperatures, and preferably with high rainfall and minimal evaporation. The technology can achieve high removal rates of both BOD and suspended solids, although pathogen removal is not substantial.
Harvested hyacinths can be used as a source of fibre for rope, textiles, baskets, etc. Depending on the income generated, the technology can be cost neutral. Duckweed can be used as the sole food source for some herbivorous fish.
==Adequacy=Health Aspects/Acceptance=== Water hyacinth has attractive, lavender flowers. A well designed and maintained system can add value and interest to otherwise barren land. Adequate signage and fencing should be used to prevent people and animals from coming in contact with the water. Workers should wear appropriate protective clothing. WHO guidelines on wastewater and excreta use in aquaculture should be consulted for detailed information and specific guidance.
===Operation & Maintenance=== Floating plants require constant harvesting. The technology can achieve high removal rates of both BOD and suspended solids, although pathogen removal is not substantial. Harvested hyacinths harvested biomass can be used as a source of fibre for ropesmall artisanal businesses, textiles, baskets, etcor it can be composted. Mosquito problems can develop when the plants are not regularly harvested. Depending on the income generatedamount of solids that enter the pond, the technology can it must be cost neutralperiodically de-sludged. Duckweed can be used as the sole food source Trained staff is required to some herbivorous fishconstantly operate and maintain it.
* Elizabeth Tilley etU.al S. EPA (20081988). [httphttps://wwwnepis.eawagepa.ch/organisation/abteilungen/sandec/publikationen/publications_sespgov/downloads_sespExe/compendium_highZyNET.pdf Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies] ([http:exe//www30004626.eawagTXT?ZyActionD=ZyDocument&Client=EPA&Index=1986+Thru+1990&Docs=&Query=&Time=&EndTime=&SearchMethod=1&TocRestrict=n&Toc=&TocEntry=&QField=&QFieldYear=&QFieldMonth=&QFieldDay=&IntQFieldOp=0&ExtQFieldOp=0&XmlQuery=&File=D%3A%5Czyfiles%5CIndex%20Data%5C86thru90%5CTxt%5C00000002%5C30004626.chtxt&User=ANONYMOUS&Password=anonymous&SortMethod=h%7C-&MaximumDocuments=1&FuzzyDegree=0&ImageQuality=r75g8/organisationr75g8/abteilungenx150y150g16/sandec/publikationen/publications_sesp/downloads_sesp/compendium_lowi425&Display=hpfr&DefSeekPage=x&SearchBack=ZyActionL&Back=ZyActionS&BackDesc=Results%20page&MaximumPages=1&ZyEntry=1&SeekPage=x&ZyPURL Design Manual.pdf low res versionConstructed Wetlands and Aquatic Plant Systems for Municipal Water Treatment]). Department of Water and Sanitation in Development Countries ([http:EPA/625/1-88/www022.sandecU.ch/ Sandec]) at the Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag)S. (Provides a full overview of sanitation systemsEnvironmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, US.)
* Abbasi, SA. WHO (19872006). Aquatic plant based water treatment systems in Asia[https://www.who. pp 175–198int/water_sanitation_health/publications/gsuweg3/en/ Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater, In: Aquatic Plants for Water Treatment Excreta and Resource Recovery, KGreywater.R. Reddy Volume 3: Wastewater and W.H. Smith (eds.), Magnolia Publishing IncExcreta Use in Aquaculture].World Health Organization, OrlandoGeneva, FloridaCH.
* Bagnall, LO., Schertz, CE. and Dubbe, DR[http://www. (1987)who. Harvesting int/water_sanitation_health/publications/guidelines-on-sanitation-and handling of biomass. pp. 599–619, In-health/en/ WHO: Aquatic Plants for Water Treatment and Resource Recovery, K.R. Reddy Guidelines on sanitation and W.H. Smith (eds.), Magnolia Publishing Inc., Orlando, Florida.health - 2018]
